Module 1 Flashcards
(50 cards)
Cell theory (3)
o All organisms are made up of one or more cells
o Cell = most basic unit of an organism
o All cells come from other cells
Cystic fibrosis
What type of mutation, affect what protein?
Predominantly affects which two systems?
What happens?
affected organs/systems, primary dysfunction; deletion/mutation of an AA leading to dysfunctional transmembrane PRO, Cl accumulates in the cell, resulting in build up of mucus in lungs/GI tract – trapping bacteria
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Components of the membrane (3)
Functions (6)
Differentiate - phagocytosis, pincocytosis, exo- and endo-cytosis
phos lipid bilayer + CHOL + integral PROs
Selective permeability – substances going in/out
Cell-cell interactions
Recognition (receptors, antigens, other cells)
Cytoplasm-external barrier
Transduction – converting physical/chemical signals into intracellular events
Between the membrane = integral and peripheral
o Endocytosis (phagocytosis, receptor mediated – hormones, growth factors, toxins, antibodies; pinocytosis – cellular drinking, non specific, small objects; fungi, bacteria, foreign/dead cells via macrophages, leucocytes) & exocytosis (enzymes, hormones, NTs; vesicle fusion to plasma membrane, releasing into environment)
Ribosomes
Shape? Location?
T or F - we can only see them with EM.
Synthesize what?c
spherical, only seen with EM, PRO synthesizers, float around or sit on organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
location?
shape? what’s cisternae?
in some areas, ER is continuous with what?
Differentiate RER & SER
network of membrane enclosed sacs in the cytoplasm – folded into cisternae (tubules), cisternal space (lumen) has distinct ion and PRO composition compared to external; can be continuous with nuclear envelope membrane
RER – ribosomes present for polypeptide synthesis – heading to cisternal space or stay in ER membrane; those with no address info are secreted out of the cell; some go to the Golgi apparatus
SER – ex: in liver cells – synthesis/hydrolysis of glycogen, drug/alcohol detox, CHOL, steroid synthesis
Golgi apparatus (GA)
Function?
Receives material from where?
site of production/maturation of PRO and polysaccharides; materials from RER enter GA on cis face then leave at trans face
Lysosomes
pH = ?
Digest food particles via _________
recycle organelles via ___________
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) - result of what?
How many forms are there?
build up of glycogen leading to progressive muscle weakness)
• Glycogen storage disease – type II (alpha-glucosidase)
• Alpha-mannosidosis and beta-mannosidosis
Primary (inactive), secondary (post-fusion with phagosome), tertiary (residual – in long lived
food - phagocytosis
recycling organelles - autophagy
Mitochondria
ATP production via what process?
Where can they be found?
What type of DNA?
Mito diseases typically affect which systems?
ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
Concentrated in force production tissues like muscle
Maternal DNA
Outer membrane (smooth), inner membrane (folded) to form cisternae (directly related to energy demands)
Mitochondrial diseases – usually affect heart, brain/nervous, muscles, kidney
Cytoskeleton
3 components
Microtubules + thin filaments (actin) + intermediate filaments
Microtubules
3 examples
composed of?
function (2)?
cilia, flagella, mitotic spindles
• Straight, hollow cylinders made up of 13 protofilaments/globular
• Dimers of alpha-tubulin & beta tubulin
• Function: cell polarity/orientation, intracellular transport (vesicles)
Cilia and flagella
function?
arrangement of filaments?
• Cilia and flagella – move liquid/mucus, swim (sperm)
o 9 + 2 arrangement of filaments
o Microtubules within allow dynein to “walk
Microfilaments
in muscle - are composed of? (2)?
non muscular tissue - composed of ?
composed of actin filaments
• Muscle – arranged with myosin
• Non-muscular tissue – actin filaments only
Intermediate filaments
function? (1)
name 5
stabilize organelles – 5 types: • Keratin • Vimentim • Glial fibrillary acidic PRO • Desmin • Neurofilament PROs
Centriole vs. centrosomes
o Centriole – pairs right angle to one another
Pinwheel - 9 triplet microtubules
Critical for mitosis
o Centrosome – main microtubules organizing center (MTOC)
Nucleus
T or F: it is the smallest organelle
3 components of DNA
4 components of the nucleus
F - largest
sugar + phos + nitro base (A, T, G, C)
-lipid membrane, chromatin, nucleolus, nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Wound up by?
Nucleosomes = chromatin + ______
hetero- vs. eu-chromatin
histones
histones
- Heterochromatin – dense, non-active cells
- Euchromatin – loose, metabolically active cells (more accessible for transcription – commonly used areas)
center for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, control cellular survival and proliferation
what, or rather where is this?
nucleolus
Telomeres
3 potential functions
how is apoptosis related?
To prevent adjacent chromosomes from attaching to each other
Chromosome stability – prevent unravelling
Limits cellular division
What is the central dogma? when can we go backwards?
DNA-RNA-PRO (viruses like HIV)
DMD
symptoms?
x-linked _______
problem PRO = ________
o Rapidly worsening muscle weakness (legs/pelvis towards whole body including lungs/heart)
o X-linked recessive
o Dystrophin (structural PRO) is impaired
Epithelia
Describe the cells:ECM
2 types
cell aggregates, minimal ECM
Covering/lining epithelia – skin, arteries, lungs, gut
Glandular epithelia – sweat, mucus, serous glands
Connective
Describe the cells:ECM
4 types
abundant ECM – “more filling, less cells” – bind, support, and package; protect, insulate, transport
Bone
Blood
CT proper
Cartilage
Muscular tissue
Describe the cells:ECM
shape of the cells
two types
Little ECM – cells packed densely
Vasculated
Cells are elongated
Voluntary (skeletal) vs. involuntary (smooth or cardiac)
Nervous tissue
functions (2)
2 types
monitor in/out - stimuli transduction
neuron, glia
