Module 1

Question 1

The six steps to create a histogram

Answer 1

1. Identify range in data
2. Divide range into a set of equally spaced intervals
3. Number the intervals
4. Determine which interval each data point belongs in
5. Add up total number of data points in each interval
6. Plot the counts vs interval

Question 2

Probability Density Function (PDF)

Answer 2

Graph of probability densities which gives an idea about probability of occurrence in each bin

Question 3

Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)

Answer 3

Gives cumulative sum of probability for all occurrences less than some value

Question 4

Mean

Answer 4

Average of data

Question 5

Median

Answer 5

Middle value which splits data into 2

Question 6

Mode

Answer 6

Most common value

Question 7

Bimodal

Answer 7

When a PDF has two modes

Question 8

Standard deviation

Answer 8

Measure of variations in the data about the mean

Question 9

A normal distribution shows…

Answer 9

The mean and standard deviation

Question 10

In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode are…

Answer 10

All equal

Question 11

Probability describes the likelihood of an event occurring between the numbers…

Answer 11

0 and 1

Question 12

Many phenomena in the natural world shows…

Answer 12

Random behavior

Question 13

Natural Random Processes are also known as…

Answer 13

Brownian motion

Question 14

Probability density

Answer 14

Probability per unit distance along the x-axis of a histogram

Question 15

The total probability of a PDF must be…

Answer 15

1

Question 16

How to convert a histogram to a PDF

Answer 16

Divide the frequency of points by (the total number of points times the bin width)

Question 17

The difference between a PDF and a histogram

Answer 17

The y-axis

PDF measures probability density while histogram measures frequency

Question 18

The 3 ways the atmosphere and ocean are heated

Answer 18

Electromagnetic radiation, convection, and conduction

Question 19

Layers of the atmosphere (top to bottom)

Answer 19

Thermosphere
(mesopause)
Mesosphere
(stratopause)
Stratosphere
(tropopause)
Troposphere

Question 20

Geostrophic wind

Answer 20

When the Coriolous Force and Pressure Gradient Force are equal and opposite

Question 21

How can data be represented?

Answer 21

A time series
A histogram
A probability density function
A cumulative probability distribution function

Question 22

The extreme events of data are found here on a PDF

Answer 22

The tails

Question 23

What is the thermosphere heated by?

Answer 23

Absorption of high energy solar radiation

Question 24

What is the stratosphere heated by?

Answer 24

UV radiation absorption by stratospheric ozone

Question 25

What is the troposphere heated by?

Answer 25

From below by emission of infrared radiation emitted by the earth surface

Question 26

Conduction

Answer 26

Transfer of heat from molecule to molecule as a result of molecular collisions

Question 27

Convection

Answer 27

Transfer of heat by mass movement of fluid

Question 28

Radiative Equilibrium

Answer 28

Net radiation absorbed = Net radiation emitted

Question 29

Pressure Gradient Force

Answer 29

A force associated with changes from high to low pressure

Question 30

Wind moves in what direction in the Northern Hemisphere?

Answer 30

Right of the Coriolis Force

Question 31

Wind moves in what direction in the Southern Hemisphere?

Answer 31

Left of the Coriolis Force

Question 32

Random Numbers are...

Answer 32

Inherently unpredictable and described by a probability density function

Question 33

Time series

Answer 33

Evaluating patterns over time

Question 34

The standard deviation is the square root of...

Answer 34

Variance

Question 35

A normal distribution is determined by...

Answer 35

The mean and standard deviation

Question 36

The primary greenhouse gases (hint: there are 7)

Answer 36

Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, Freon-11, Freon-12

Question 37

Greenhouse Effect

Answer 37

Absorption of infrared radiation by greenhouse gases found in atmosphere

Question 38

Three cell structure of atmosphere

Answer 38

Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, and polar cells

Question 39

Hadley cells are found in...

Answer 39

The tropics and subtropics

Question 40

Ferrel cells are found...

Answer 40

Between subtropical and the subpolar latitudes

Question 41

Polar cells are found...

Answer 41

Poleward of subpolar latitudes

Question 42

Coriolis Force

Answer 42

A consequence of observing the motion of the atmosphere on the rotating earth

Question 43

The strength of winds is proportional to...

Answer 43

The isobars

Question 44

Closely spaced isobars result in...

Answer 44

Strong winds

Question 45

Widely spaced isobars result in...

Answer 45

Weak winds