Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMA1092 > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define bones

A

form the bodys solid internal framework=skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define joints(artculations)

A

): sites where two or more bones meet, facilitate body movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define ligaments

A

connect the articulating bones at a joint, stabilise connecting bone and joint. And help hold skeleton together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

whats cartilage

A
  • Supports body structures
  • Connects bones
  • Maintains the shape of body structures
  • Resists compressions
  • Has tensile strength
  • Is composed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and surrounded by an extracellular matrix= ground substance, collagen and elastin fibres.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

whats the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage (most abundant), fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage (pressure and stretch areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

whats the 5 functions of bone

A 
suport
portection
storage of minerals and triglycerides
blood cell prodcution
movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how to bones support

A

: bones provide a framework that supports the entire body. Eg legs support body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do bones protection

A

bones surround and enclose body tissues and organs. Eg Scull protects the brian.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do bones storage of minerals and triglyercerides

A

: bones stores minerals ( eg. Calcium and phosphate)and triglycerides (fat). Therefore helps maintain homeostatic blood calcium levels which regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells a potential energy source.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do bones blood cell production

A

bones produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do bones movement

A

skeletal muscels attach to bones and when they contract they pull on and move a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whats the origin of the bone

A

the fixed point of muscle attachment therefore the bone does not move when muscle contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

wast the insertion of the bone

A

moveable point of muscel attachment therefore the bone moves when the muscel contracts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

whats the two division of the human skeleton

A

the axil skeleton

the appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

whats the axil skeleton

A

Forms the long axis of the body an includes the bones of the:

  • skull: cranial and facial bones
  • vertebral colum:
  • rib cage: sternum and ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how to remmerb how many each section of the vertebral column have

A

cervical (breakfast at 7), thoracic (lunch at 12), lumbar (dinner at 5) , sacral(5 and 4 make 9 for supper) and coccyx vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

whats the appendicular skeleton

A

Includes bones of the:

  • Upper limbs eg arms, forearm and hands
  • Lower limbs eg foot, legs and thighs (they are thicker and stronger than upper limbs)
  • Shoulder girdles: attach arms to axil skeleton eg clavicle and scapula
  • Pelvic: consists of two hip bones and sacrum attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how tp remember difference of tibia and fibula

A

T for thick for tibia and F for thin for Fibula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the bone shapes and examples

A

Long bones: long slender bones, structural have a shaft (diaphysis)and bone ends (epiphysis). All limb bones except the patella, wrist and ankle bones. Eg humerous
Short bones: small cube shaped bones. Patella= sesamoid bone eg tarsals, carpals and patella.
Flat bones: thin, flat and often curved bones eg sternum, ribs, scapula and skull bones
Irregular bones: complex shaped bones eg hip bone and vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what the different types of tissue

A

Connective tissues: osseous tissue, adipose tissue and hyaline cartilage (growth plates)
Nervous tissue: sensory neurons
Muscle and epithelial tissue: blood vessels.
Osseous tissue: a connective tissue that contains specialised cells and an extracellular matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what the matrix consist of and what does to do

A

of ground substance, collagen fibres, and calcium phosphate crystals

  • makes bones hard, slightly flexible and strong.
  • Collagen fibbers: provide flexibility and tensile strength. Lack= hard and has compressive strength but lacks flexibility and tensile strength= brittle.
  • Calcium phosphate crystals: make our bones hard and provide compression strength. Lack= soft bones and very flexible and bendy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cells: stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • Osteoblasts
A
  • Osteoblasts: bone building cells that produce and secrete collagen fibres and ground substance. (b for building)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Osteoclasts
A
  • Osteoclasts: bone reabsorbing cells that break down the matric and release stored minerals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Osteocytes
A
  • Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintain the matrix.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the outer layer of the bone called

A

compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how is the compact bone arranged

A
  • Arranges into osteons
  • Each osteon:
  • Runs parallel to the long axis of a bone eg shaft bones
  • Consists of
  • A central canal: contain blood vessels and nerves
  • Concentric circles of matrix
  • Osteocytes: lie between the cylinders of matrix
  • Acts as a tiny weight bearing pillar: resists forces applied to the ends of a bone but if applied sideways bone will snap.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what the internal layer of bone called

A

spongey bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

whats the spongey bone made of

A
  • Osseous tissue arranges into n irregular lattice of thin needle like structures called trabeculae
  • Orientated to resist forces from all direction and transfer weight without breaking
  • Lighter than compact done= reduces the weight of the skeleton
  • Long bones mainly found the proximal and distal epiphysis.
  • Redbone marrow found between trabeculae, therefore also a sie of blood cell production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what the outer connective tissue membrane do

A

= periosteum; covers compact bone and contains blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

whats the internal connective. tissue membrane do

A

=endosteum; covers spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

whats intersistial growth

A

occurs at the epiphyseal plates of long bones. bones lengthen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

whats appositional growth

A

occurs at the outer surface of bones. Widens bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

whats the two hormones that regulate down growth

A

growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormones (TH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does GH and TH do to bones

A
  1. Promote the adolescent growth spurt
  2. End growth- induce epiphyseal plate closrure
    - Rateof bone formation exceeds the rate of cartilage formation
    - Cartilage eventually replaced entirely by bone
    - Epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

whats bone remodelling

A
  • Occurs throughout life
  • Maintains bone mass and strength
  • Replaces old matrix with new matrix
  • Involved bone resportion (new matrix) and bone deposition (old matrix)
  • Health young adults rate of bone deposition equals the rate of resorption= bone mass remains constant
  • With age a decline in sex hormones results in a loss of bone msas as the rate of resorption exceeds the rate of bone deposition.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

whats factors that affect bone growth and remodelling

A
  • Adequate amounts of calcium phosphate, and vitamins C, A, D, K and B
  • Weight bearing exercise such as walking help build bone mass
  • Mechanical forces stimulate. Osteoblast to produce new matrix= bones become thicker, stronger and more resistant to fractures.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • Closed (simple) fracture:
A
  • Closed (simple) fracture: broken bone does not break the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  • Open (compound) fracture
A
  • Open (compound) fracture): broken bone protrudes through the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
  • Communted fracture:
A
  • Communted fracture: bone fragments into three or more pieces
41
Q
  • Compression fracture:
A
  • Compression fracture: bone is crushed
42
Q
  • Greenstick fracture:
A
  • Greenstick fracture: incomplete break
43
Q
  • Spiral fracture:
A
  • Spiral fracture: ragged break that occurs with excessive twisting
44
Q
  • Epiphyseal fracture:
A
  • Epiphyseal fracture: bones breaks along the epiphyseal plate
45
Q
  • Transverse fracture:
A
  • Transverse fracture: bone completely breaks across the diaphsis
46
Q
  • Depressed fracture:
A
  • Depressed fracture: broken bone is pressed inwards
47
Q
  • Avulsion fracture:
A
  • Avulsion fracture: tendon or ligaments pulls off a fragment of bone
48
Q
  • Pathological fracture:
A
  • Pathological fracture: caused by a disease that weakens bone structure eg osteoporosis. Eg hip fracture is a fracture of the femur
49
Q
  • Colles fracture:
A
  • Colles fracture: break at the distal end of the radius
50
Q
  • Scaphoid fracture:
A
  • Scaphoid fracture: common carpal bone fracture
51
Q
  • Potts fracture:
A
  • Potts fracture: fracture of both the tibia and fibula
52
Q

fracture treatment

A
  1. Reduction: the realignment of bone ends
  2. Immobilisation: of realigned bones
  3. Rehabilitation: restore functionSmall bones take 6 weeks, bigger bones take longer and same for elderly people.
53
Q

fracture repair

A
  1. Hematomo forms: torn blood vessels haemorrhage, clot forms and site swollen and sore.
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms: fibroblasts produce collagen fibres, chondrocytes produce cartilage, fibrocartilaginous callus splits broken ends.
  3. Bony callus forms: fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by spongy bone, bone ends firmly united.
  4. Bone remodelling: compact bone replaces spongy bone at the bone surface or diaphysis, osteoclasts remove excess bone and bone returns to normal shape.
54
Q

whats Osteomalacia (adults) and Rickets (children)

A
  • Bones are poorly mineralised= lack of calcium phosphate crystals
  • Bones are soft, very flexible and easily deformed
  • Caused by insufficient calcium intake or a victimin D deficiency.
55
Q

whatsOsteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease

A
  • Congenital bone disorder that affects the quality and or quanitiy of collagen fibers
  • Bone are brittle and easily fractured
  • No cure but treated focus on strengthen bones or placing rods in bones.
56
Q

whats Osteoporosis:

A
  • Bone resorption outplaces bone postiong= reduction in bone mass compromises normal bone function
  • Bones have normal matrix components but in reduced amount= bones are porous, light, fragile and easily fracture
  • Females more susceptible.
  • Treatment= exercise regulary
57
Q

whats a joint or articulation

A

the point of contact between two or more bones. Joints primarily hold the skeleton together and give the skeleton mobility and flexibility.

  • Weakest part of the skeleton
  • Common joint injuries; dislocations and sprains
  • Common joint disorders; osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis
58
Q

whats a disclocation caused by

A

by sudden strong force to a joint and move the articulating bones out of ligament.

59
Q

whats a sprained caused by

A

occur when the twisting or pulling of a joint stretches or tears its associated ligaments.

60
Q

whats osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

A

damage joint structure both reducing joint mobility and can be crippling if they affect hip and knee joints.

61
Q

how are joints fucntionally calcified

A
  • Synarthrosis:
  • Amphiarthrosis: s
  • Diarthrosis: freely moveable joint (least stable joint and easily dislocated)
62
Q

how are joints structurally classified

A
  • Fibrosis
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
63
Q

whats a synarthrosis joint

A

immovable joint (strong stable joints, mainly axial skeleton)

64
Q

what a amphiarthrosis joint

A

lightly moveable joint (strong stable joints, mainly axial skeleton)

65
Q

whats a diarthrosis joint

A

freely moveable joint (least stable joint and easily dislocated

66
Q

whats a fibrous wont and examples

A

fibrous connective tissue unites articulating bones, joint cavity absent, are immovable (synarthrosis) or slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis).
EXAMPLES: Suture: in moveable joint found in scull.
Tibiofibular joint: slightly moveable connects Tibia to Fibula.

67
Q

whats a cartilaginous joints and examples

A

cartilage unites articulating bones, joint cavity absent, are immovable or slightly moveable joints.
EXAMPLES: first sternocostal joint: immovable
Pubic symphysis: slightly moveable

68
Q

whats a synovial joint

A

articulating bone ends are covered in articular cartilage, joint cavity present, are freely moveable (diarthrosis) joints and allow a wide range of body movements.
EXAMPLES: knee, shoulder, ankle and hip.

69
Q

whats the articular capsule of the joint

A

(all synovial joints have them): surrounds the joint has two layers:

  • Tough outer fibrous later=stabilises articulating bones
  • Inner synovial membrane= produces synovial fluid
70
Q

whats the joint cavity

A

separated articulating bones and contains synovial fluid.

71
Q

whats synovial fuld of the joint

A

shock absorption, reduces frictions, supples oxygen and nutrients to articular cartilage cells and removes wastes. Keeps articular cartilage healthy.

72
Q

whats the articular cartilage of joint

A

covers the ends of each articulating bone, shock absorption and reduces friction. Double jointed people have stretchier articular cartilage however are more unstable and more prone to dislocation.

73
Q

what eh reinforcing ligament

A
  1. Reinforcing ligament: stabilises joint
74
Q

whats the sensory neurons and blood vessels of the joint

A

sensory neurons detect pain and monitor proprioception. Blood vessels: mainly supply synovial membrane

75
Q

whats the menisci: discus of fibrocartilage do

A
  • Stabilises joint
  • Reduces friction
  • Shock absorption
  • Eg found in knee joint
76
Q

whats the muscle tendons

A

stabilises joint

77
Q

whats the bruise and tendon sheaths of joints

A
  • Bags of synovial fluid

- Reduce friction between adjacent joint structures.

78
Q

whats the fat pads

A
  • mass of adipose tissue

- cushion and protect joint structure.

79
Q

whats the 2 movements allowed by synovial joints

A

Angular movements: increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones eg. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, dorsiflexion and circumduction
Rotational movements: turn a bone around its own longitudinal axis eg. Medial rotation, lateral rotation, supination and pronation.
Special movements eg. pronation, retraction, depression, elevation, inversion, eversion, opposition and reposition.

80
Q

whats types of synovial joints

A
  1. Pivot joint:
  2. Plane joint:
  3. Condylar joint:
  4. Saddle joint:
  5. Hinge joint:
  6. Ball and socket joint:
81
Q

whats a pivot joint

A

allows rotation (has a sleeve and a rounded bone) eg proximal redial ulnar joint.

82
Q

whats a plane joint

A

allows gliding movement (has a flat articular surface) eg intercarpal and intercarsol joints.

83
Q

whats a condylar joint

A

allows flection, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction (oval articular surfaces) eg metacarpophalangeal(knuckle) and wrist joint.

84
Q

whats a saddle joint

A

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction (looks life a saddle arch over a saddle) eg carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

85
Q

whats a hinge joint

A

allows flextion and extension (has a cylinder and trough surface) eg elbow, knee and ankle.

86
Q

whats a ball and socket joint

A

allows flextion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation. Allows the greatest range of movement.( ball had and cup socket) Eg shoulder (shallow ball and socket joint) and hip joints (deep ball and socket joint)

87
Q

what are skeletal muscles

A
  • Specialised for contraction and work together to produce coordination of body movemetns. They also maintain posture, stabilise joints and generate heat.
88
Q

whats the structure of skeletal muscles

A

Muscle cells (muscle fibres): surrounded by three connective tissue membranes
- Endomyslum (inner most): surrounds each individual muscle fibre
- Perimysium(middle): surround a bundle of muscle fibres
- Epimysium (outer most): surrounds the entire skeletal muscle
Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Myofibrils: extend the entire length of a muscle fibre, composed of contractile units called sarcomeres.
Sacromeres: composed of contractile proteins called thick and thin myofilaments

89
Q

thick myofilaments

A

compose of the protein myosin

90
Q

thin myofilament

A

composed of protein actin

91
Q

events leading to muscle contract

A
  1. Somatic motor output (action potential) travels along the lower motor neuron axon to the axon terminal. Depolarises axon terminals.
  2. Stimulates voltage gated calcium ions channels open and calcium enters the terminal
  3. Calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release ACh into the synaptic cleft.
  4. ACh diffused across the synaptic cleft and binds to chemically gated ion channels on the sacolema of muscle fibre.
  5. Ion channels open= influx of sodium ions. Sarcolemma depolarises, graded potential is produced.
  6. Graded potential opens voltage gated sodium channels in the sarcolemma= action potential produced.
  7. The action potential travels along the length of the sarcolemma
  8. The action potential travels down the tubules deep into the muscle fibre.
  9. Action potential stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channels to open.
  10. Calcium flows into the cytoplasm of the muscle fibre.
  11. Calcium binds to troponin and removes tropomyosin from the active site on actin.
  12. Myosin heads bind to the active sites and contraction begins.
92
Q

hydrochloric acid treated bone

A
  • dissolves calcium and phosphate crystals
  • only collagen fibres present
    leads to…
  • soft and rubbery
  • no compression strenght
  • has tonsil strength
  • flexible and being
    eg rickets and osteomelasia
93
Q

high temperature cooked bones

A
  • destroy collagen fibers because health destroys proteins
    only calcium phosphate crystal
    leads to…
  • brittle
  • hard
  • compression strenght
  • has no tonsil strength or flexibility eg brittle bone disease
94
Q

collagen fibres gives bones

A

tensil strength and flexible

95
Q

calcium phosphate crystal give bone

A

compression strength and hard

96
Q

structures that stabilises synovial joint

A
  • reinforcing liganments
  • muscle tendons
  • menlisi
  • articular capsula
97
Q

structures that reduce friction between articulating bones

A

articular cartilage
menisci
synovial jiont
bursar ad tendon sheath

98
Q

whats the three layers of skeletal muscle

A

endomyslum (inner)
perimysium (middle)
epimysium (outer)

99
Q

the process of muscle contraction

A
  • myosin heads bind to actin active site on the thin myrofilaments
  • myosin heads pull the thin myofilametns towards the centre of the sarcomere and then detach
  • cycle repeats

BMA1092 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions