Module 1 Flashcards
Fundamentals (94 cards)
Chemical Name
scientific name, describes atomic, molecular structure
Generic Name
non-proprietary(brand) name. ex:ibuprofen
Trade Name
(brand, proprietary) selected by drug company, copyright protected. ex: Advil
Why/When use of generic name
1962, Federal government mandated used of ONE official name per drug. Listed in United States Pharmacopeia( book list of medicinal drugs w/their effects) and National Formulary
Drug Classes:
Pharmacologic class:
Therapeutic class:
- groups drugs with similar characteristics. Can be used for multiple uses.
Beta-adrenergic blockers(B/P meds)
Benzodiazepines.
-groups drugs by therapeutic use
Anti-hypertensives
Anti-fungals
Drug sources are traditionally from natural sources:
Plants:
Animals:
Minerals:
- alkaloids(contains nitrogen, ex: caffeine, nicotine), glycosides(restore circulation, ex digoxin), gums(seaweed extractions), resins, oils
- hormones (insuline), oils (cod liver oil, enzymes(produced by living organism that acts as a catalyst (speeds up) biochemical reaction)(pepsin), vaccines(microorganisms)
- metallic(lithium), non-metallic(iron, iodine, epsom salts)
Today drugs are created..
synthetically in a laboratory by isolating and intensifying the active component and manipulate molecular structures.
How drug is administered effected by what?
quantity given
absorption rate
distribution in body
Administration Routs:
Oral
Sublingual
Translingual
Buccal
Rectal, vaginal
Inhalation
Topical
Transdermal
- PO patient conscious, can swallow, drugs withstands stomach acids.
- into capillary bed under tongue
- on the tongue(trans is prefix for across, over, beyond)
- placed in pouch between cheek and gums
- PR suppositories, ointments, creams, gels
- gases rapidly absorbed, metered-dose inhaler
- local delivery through skin, mucous membrane (dermatologic, ophthalmic, nasal preparations)
- “patch” applied to skin, drug enters blood through capillaries
Drugs admin routes not destroyed by stomach acids? bypass stomach?
sublingual, buccal, translingual
Administration routes:
Gastric
Intradermal
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
- goes directly into the GI system, patient can’t ingest orally
- injected into skin (dermis)
- IV rapid onset, injected directly into blood
- IM injected into muscle, drug enters blood through capillaries
- SubQ, SC injected into subcutaneous(deepest skin) tissue, drug enters blood through capillaries
Parenteral
around gastrointestinal tract, involves skin puncture (IV, IM, SubQ)
Who monitors drug development?
FDA Food and Drug Administration
Phases of Drug Development:
First?
Second?
Third? phase 1 phase 2 phase 3 phase 4
Fourth?
- animal studies on safety, effectiveness
- IND( Investigational New Drug) new drug application after animal studies prove safety, effectiveness. yr 4
- human clinical trials
phase 1-tested on healthy volunteers
phase 2-tested on people with specific disease
phase 3- more people, look for adverse effects
phase 4 post-market surveillance, reports from doctors on therapeutic or adverse effects. - NDA (new drug application years later) yr8-9
Invitro studies➡Animal testing➡Clinical testing➡Marketing➡generic available
IND
Treatment Investigational New Drug- expedited approval due to public health threat (AIDS drugs)
Pharmacokinetics deffinition
Study of what happens from time a drug enters the body until it, and all its metabolites, leave the body. The branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.
Pharmacokinetics order of operations
Absobtion➡Distribution➡Metabolism➡Excretion➡Onset of action➡Peak concentration level➡Duration of action
Pharmacokinetics- Absorption
- slow
- Fast
- Slowest
Influenced by:
-rate drug leaves site of administration
Slow: oral, IM, SC
Fast: seconds to minutes (sublingual, IV, inhalation)
Slowest: hours to days (rectally, sustained-release)
blood flow, stress, diet, drug formulation, drug to drug interactions
First-Pass Effect
Stomach-intestines-liver via portal circulation-metabolized by liver(first-pass effect)-remains put into systemic circulation. (is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation)
Systemic circulation
IV 100% bio-available. The part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Distribution
drug delivery to site of action (body tissues, fluids)
Distribution places and rates depend on?
Blood Flow: faster to heart, liver, kidneys, slower to internal organs, skin, fat, muscle
Solubility: lipid-soluble crosses cell membranes and blood to brain barrier; water-soluble can’t cross cell membranes
Protein binding: bound part therapeutically inactive; free (unbound) portion active (the more free the drug remains from proteins in the blood the more effective it becomes)
Metabolism
When the body changes drugs from dosage form to excretable water-soluble form:
- into inactive metabolites
- into active metabolites with own pharmacologic action
Pro-drugs
when drugs are given in inactive form and become active after they metabolize.