Module 1 Flashcards

Question

Clinical significance of decreased MCHC

Answer 1

Internal bleeding Toxic effects of lead, aluminum and other metals Vitamin B6 anemia

Answer 2

electronic mesasurement of anisocytosis( red cell availability)

Answer 3

iron deficiency anemia or B12 folate anemia

Answer 4

involved with clotting of blood coagulation and with retraction of clots

Answer 5

``` RA Arteriosclerosis Some cancer Inflammatory Arthritis Several Anemia Polycythemia slight increase in pregnancy ```

Answer 6

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Blood loss Thrombocytopenia

Answer 7

job is phagocytosis

Answer 8

chronic viral and bacterial infection

Answer 9

active viral and chronic infection | Leukemia

Answer 10

Cells that Phagocytize bacteria and matter and protozoa. They remain after neutrophils phagocytize and are responsible for clean up

Answer 11

viral infections

Answer 12

1. always rule out liver dysfunction with increased monocytes 2. Increased monocytes indicate excessive tissue breakdown 3. increased in monocytes, basophil and eosinophils mean respect intestinal parasites 4. percentage will increase with decrease of lymphocytes percentage in hodgekins disease and other forms of cancer

Answer 13

WBC that have role in detox and breakdown and removal of protein

Answer 14

intestinal parasites Food and environmental allergy/sensitivities Asthma Emphysema

Answer 15

count at or below 1% is uncommon and present adrenal cortical hyper function and should be ruled out

Answer 16

WBC that during inflammation deliver heparin to inflamed tissue to prevent clotting; therefore basophils will almost be increased with tissue inflammation. Basophils contain histamine and serotonin.

Answer 17

Tissue inflammation Intestinal parasites Polycythemia

Answer 18

acute allergic reactions

Answer 19

AST, ALT, ALP, Total Bilirubin, Total Protein, Albumin, Total Globulin, AG/Ratio, Glucose, BUN, Creatine, Bun/Creatine ratio, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO/2,

Answer 20

Aspartate Amino Transferase: enzyme found in high concentration in kidney, pancreas, heart, liver, skeleton, and muscles. Does not increase as much as ALT in liver dysfunction.

Answer 21

heart disease liver disease CHF Acute pancreatitis

Answer 22

Vitamin B6 anemia | Renal Disease

Answer 23

Alanine Amino transferase: used to detect hepatocellular disease

Answer 24

Cirrhosis of liver Acute and chronic liver necrosis Hepatitis/Monoucleosis Epstein Barr Virus and city megalovirus

Answer 25

Vitamin B6 anemia

Answer 26

Alkaline Phosphatase- member of zinc metalloprotein enzyme that functions to split off a terminal phosphate- located in liver, bone, kidney and placenta

Answer 27

Healing Fracture Liver Cancer Cirrhosis Pagets disease of the bone

Answer 28

Biliary Dysfunction Zinc Deficiency Vitamin C insufficiency

Answer 29

breakdown of hemoglobin by spleen, liver, kupffer cells, and bone marrow

Answer 30

3 ways: 1. ) total- combination of indirect and direct 2. ) Direct- post hepatic, water soluble, conjugated 3. ) Indirect- pre-hepatic, non-water soluble and unconjugated

Answer 31

gallstones- biliary obstruction | Extrahepatic duct obstruction

Answer 32

Gilver syndrome- congenital enzyme deficiency interrupting conjegation of bilirubin Hepatitis Cirrhosis

Answer 33

non-signficant

Answer 34

Combination of albumin and total globulin

Answer 35

Digestive Dysfunction | Dehydration

Answer 36

Protein malabsorption/Amino acid need | Gastritis, Leaky Gut, Colitis, ileitis, Chron's, IBS

Answer 37

produced almost entirely in the liver- responsible for 80% colloid-osmotic pressure between blood and tissue fluids and serves as transport protein for many substances

Answer 38

Dehydration

Answer 39

Liver biliary dysfunction Neoplasm Protein malnutrition/ amino acid need

Answer 40

Combination of alpha, 1, 2 and gamma beta fractions. Most labs calculate a combination of the serum total globulin by subtracting serum albumin from total serum protein.

Answer 41

Hypochlorhydria Liver dysfunction neoplasm

Answer 42

Digestive dysfunction( primary inflammation or secondary inflammation to HCL deficiency

Answer 43

Value of A/G ratio is limited because of countless amount of variables in the components of alpha, 1, 2, beta and gamma. An abnormal A/G is called a suppressed, low or reversed ration- reflection of hepatic dysfunction

Answer 44

not signficiant

Answer 45

``` Liver Biliary dysfunction Chronic Renal Disease Some types of Cancer Sarcoidosis Collagen Disease Severe Inflammation Burns Digestive Inflammation ```

Answer 46

a sugar that is measure via blood test- levels influenced by carb intake, stress, granular and liver function

Answer 47

Acute stress response Diabetes Thiamine deficiency Dysinsulinsim

Answer 48

Fasting hypoglycemia Severe Liver Disease Hypothyroidism

Answer 49

reflects the difference and clearance of Urea

Answer 50

``` Chronic Renal Dysfunction Renal Hypertension Prescribed diuretics Dehydration Cirrhosis of the liver Benign prostrate hypertrophy Urinary Obstruction ```

Answer 51

Liver failure Protein malnutrition Celiac

Answer 52

used to diagnose renal function. It is a waster product formed from spontaneous decomposition of creatine- which is required in muscle- those with higher muscle mass may have higher creatine

Answer 53

Chronic Renal dysfunction | Benign prostate hypertrophy

Answer 54

Serum creatine is normal decreased in children, patients with less muscle mass and geriatric patients with muscle wasting muscle wasting

Answer 55

Useful when assessing patients with chronic renal dysfunction- has the potential to be skewed

Answer 56

``` CHF Intestinal Bleeding Shock Hypotension Dehydration Renal Disease ```

Answer 57

Low protein diets | Malnutrition

Answer 58

absorbed from upper part of small intestine- dependent on acidity of intestine and amount of phosphate- relates to bone metabolism

Answer 59

Parathyroid Hyperfunction Cancer Hypervitaminosis D

Answer 60

``` Parathyroid Hypofunction Digestive Dysfunction( Hypochlordria) Low normal total protein Vitamin D Deficiency Protein Malnutrition Osteoporosis Pancreatitis ```

Answer 61

most abundant cation in the extra-cellular fluid- most important in osmotic regulation of fluid balance, acid-base balance, renal, cardiac, and adrenal function

Answer 62

Chronic Renal Dysfunction Dehydration Adrenal Cortical Hypofunction

Answer 63

Adrenal Cortical hypofunction | Diarrhea

Answer 64

major cation found in the intracellular fluid- essential for maintenance of pH and osmotic pressure

Answer 65

Adrenal Cortical hypofunction | Renal Dysfunction

Answer 66

Diarrhea Adrenal Cortical hyperfunction Drug Diuretics

Answer 67

Principle anion found in the serum. Chloride almond with Sodium, potassium and CO2 are important in acid-base relationships and show state of hydration, renal and adrenal function. usually varies inversely to CO2 function.

Answer 68

renal dysfunction | Dehydration

Answer 69

Hypochlorhydria

Answer 70

amount of base bound as bicarbonate in blood that is available for neurtralization of fixed acids such as lactic acid HCL. CO2 refers to base bound and not total base of blood.

Answer 71

Metabolic Alkalosis | Vomiting

Answer 72

Thiamine Deficiency- anion gap is generally increased Diabetes Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 73

a steroid normally found in all body cells and plasm. Information relative to increased/decreased cholesterol can be extrapolated to triglycerides. Generally increased in endocrine or organ hypo function and decreased in endocrine and organ hyperfunction

Answer 74

Coronary artery disease diabetes Primary thyroid hypofunction or hyperfunction secondary to anterior pituitary hypofunction

Answer 75

``` Thyroid hyperfunction/or anterior pituitary hyperfunction Cancer Chrons Cirrhosis of liver Celiac Malnutrition ```

Answer 76

serum TG family of complex lipids-saturated and unsaturated. Soluble in blood and composed of 95% fat in adipose tissue. Travel in blood with cholesterol and need to be drawn together and viewed together.

Answer 77

Dysinulinism( metabolic syndrom) | Hypothryoidism

Answer 78

``` Hyperthoridism Vegetairan diets Autoimmune phenomenon Genetic Predisposition Cirrhosis of liver Celiac Disease ```

Answer 79

High Density lipoprotein Cholesterol- class of heterogeneous particles of varying density and size containing lipid and protein. Includes triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and apoprotein- predominatly phospholipids. Functions to transfer cholesterol to the liver for metabolism of bile acids. Must be viewed in relation to cholesterol and LDL/HDL

Answer 80

possibly consider autoimmune pathology

Answer 81

thyroid hyperfunction Diabetes Dysinsulinsim( metabolic syndrom)

Answer 82

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol- association between LDL and HDL. Generally, as LDL increases HDL decreases. Most cases LDL is major part of decision relative to beginning dietary therapy and supplemental support.

Answer 83

C-reactive protein- acute phase reactant protein found in liver. Rises rapidly and nonspecifically in response to tissue inflammation and injury CRP is more sensitive than ESR in detecting inflammation. CRP is excellent test in monitoring efficacy of prescriptions/supplemental therapies.

Answer 84

Viral and bacterial infections Non-specific tissue inflammation coronary artery inflammation RA

Answer 85

measures iron in blood- need to order serum iron and serum ferritin- without both serum amount converted to hemoglobin is unknown

Answer 86

Hemochromatosis | Hepatic dysfunction

Answer 87

``` Chronic blood loss Iron deficiency anemia Menses Cancer Hepatic dysfunction Chron's disease ```

Answer 88

Total Iron Binding Capacity- Transferrin is responsible for 50-70% of the iron binding capacity of the serum

Answer 89

iron anemia

Answer 90

Inflammatory disease

Answer 91

second most abundant iron-bearing protein in the body. Functions as iron storage in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.

Answer 92

iron content of body tissue rate of ferritin dispersal from the tissues rate of ferritin extraction from blood

Answer 93

``` Iron overload- hemochromatosis Inflammatory disease Hepatitis HIV infection Cancer ```

Answer 94

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 95

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- originally used to confirm or rule primarily hypofunction and now recognizes hyperfunction

Answer 96

Primary thyroid hypofunction liver dysfunction HIV

Answer 97

Thyroid Hyperfunction secondary to anterior pituitary hypofunction

Answer 98

T4 is major hormone secreted by thyroid. transported bound to Thyroxine Binding Globulin( TBG), prealbumin and albumin. Free T4 is small part of TSH but metabolically active

Answer 99

thyroid hormone produced mainly from conversion of T4 to T3. Approx 1/3 of T4 is converted to T3. Higher biological activity than T4 and will bind to TBG less effectively than T4. Both T4 and T3 exist in free and bound form

Answer 100

Primary Hyperthyroidism( graves)

Answer 101

Hypothyroidism

Answer 102

principle end product of purine, nucleic acid and nucleoprotein metabolism

Answer 103

Molybdenum insufficiency

Answer 104

Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase- more sensitive and specific indicator of liver dysfunction than serum ALP and in some cases ALT. It is generally increased in all forms of liver/biliary dysfunction and is generally increased above ALT and AST with biliary problems( gall bladder, common bile duct and pancreas) obstructive disease and alcoholism

Answer 105

Biliary obstruction Alcoholism Bile duct and gall bladder inflammation/ Biliary Stasis Acute and chronic pancreatitis and Pancreatic Insufficiency Increased GGTP with increase of serum ALP indicates liver/biliary problem. Normal GGTP with increased ALP indicates a probably bone issue.

Answer 106

GGT<10 is commonly associated with vitamin B6 anemia

Answer 107

Glycated hemoglobin are an irreversible glucose protein bond that extends through life or red blood cell. Glycated hemoglobin used to assess long term glucose control in diabetes- especially insulin dependent

Answer 108

Level of Vitamin D in blood

Answer 109

Vitamin D toxicity- hypercalcemia

Answer 110

``` Rickets( children) osteomalacia( adult Osteopororisis Osteoarthritis Hypertension Cardiovascular disease ```

Answer 111

Parathryoid hormone and functional state of kidneys important in evaluating phosphorus serum levels. Parathryoid hormones responsible for increased serum calcium and phosphorus. Important in physiology of bone and formation of active compounds such as phospholipids, nucleic acids, ATP, creatine phosphate and complexes required for utilitzation of glucose. General indicator of digestive dysfunction.

Answer 112

Parathyroid hypofunction Acute and chronic renal dysfunction Sarcoidosis

Answer 113

``` Parathryoid hyperfunction Digestive dysfunction( Hypochlorhydria) Vitamin D Deficiency ```

Answer 114

calculation from sodium, potassium, chloride and CO2 to determine the unmeasured anions and cations.

Answer 115

``` thiamine deficiency Diabetes Lactic acidosis Dehydration Toxin ingestion Metabolic Acidosis Renal Dysfunction ```

Answer 116

Renal dysfunction | Lithium toxicity

Module 1 Flashcards

To understand the basics of functional medicine and an overview of how it works including the diagnostic assessment, testing, and treatment (142 cards)