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Immunology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system’s primary physiological function?

A

Defend against infectious microorganisms

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2
Q

When were the functions of the immune system first observed?

A

430 BC Athens Greece during the plague epidemic. Only those who recovered from the disease were allowed to nurse the sick.

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3
Q

Who created the first inoculation?

A

Edward Jenner in the 1700’s for smallpox using cowpox

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4
Q

Who came up with the name “vaccine?”

A

Louis Pasteur in the late 1800’s - Vacca means cow in Latin.

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5
Q

What is an inbred murine strain?

A

Genetically identical mice used for a consistent background in studies

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6
Q

Why are mice used in immunological research?

A

Similar immune systems to humans, and multiple pups per litter

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7
Q

How do you make a transgenic mouse?

A

Inject the gene of interest into the nucleus of a fertilized egg and implant into the surrogate mother. Then test the offspring for trans genes.

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8
Q

What are the two parts of the process to make a lockout mouse?

A

Part 1 - culturing the embryonic stem cells

Part 2 - gene targeting

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9
Q

What are the four main types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses

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10
Q

What are commensurate microorganisms?

A

They have a positive relationship with the host unless they end up in the wrong place.

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11
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Pathogens that are normally harmless, but ended up in the wrong place and have become harmful.

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12
Q

What is virulence and how is it measured?

A

It is the relative measure of pathogenicity and can only be used to compare one pathogen with another.

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13
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

The mechanisms of disease causation, what allows the pathogen to grow and outsmart the immune system.

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14
Q

What is the human microbiome?

A

The aggregate of microbes residing in/on the human body.

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15
Q

How many microbial cells are there is comparison to human cells in/on the body?

A

10x more microbial cells than human cells, making up 1-3% of our total body mass

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16
Q

Where does human microbiome reside?

A

The skin, gut and vagina

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17
Q

How is the microbiome not just consensual, but mutualistic?

A

The microorganisms found in the human microbiome provide enzymes for digestion, essential vitamins and protection from harmful pathogens.

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18
Q

What is an extracellular infection?

A

An infection that does not invade the cell, but establishes in body cavities such as the blood, lymphatic system or epithelial cells and secretes toxins such as tetanus or diphtheria.

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19
Q

What is an intercellular infection?

A

An intracellular infection has the capacity to enter a host cell and replicate. They use the cells resources to replicate. They are challenging for the immune system to identify and cause chronic disease like leprosy.

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20
Q

What makes a bacteria gram-negative or gram-positive?

A

The staining of the cell walls. Gram positive bacteria retain the violet dye in their thick peptidoglycan walls while gram negative bacteria do not retain the dye in their thinner membrane.

21
Q

What are the two major classes of parasites?

A

Protozoan parasites (unicellular) and Helminth parasites (multicellular worms)

22
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

A

Single cell yeasts and multicellular filamentous molds

23
Q

What is the life cycle of a virus?

A
  • Latches to the surface of a cell
  • Enters the cell
  • Sheds it’s coat to release viral genome
  • Uses cellular resources for mass reproduction
  • Progeny leaves cell to infect others
24
Q

What is the sequence of events in an immune response?

A
  • Recognition (self vs non-self)
  • Activation
  • Response (effector function)
  • Decline (self limiting)
25
Q

What are four characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  • rapid response
  • fixed and limited
  • constant
  • depends on adaptive for amplification and focus
26
Q

What are four characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Delayed
  • Variable
  • Improved response (memory)
  • Depends on the innate for activation
27
Q

How does the innate immune response recognize pathogens?

A

Fixed pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) used to find pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

28
Q

How does the adaptive immune response recognize pathogens?

A

Two kinds of antigen specific receptors that serve as targets - antibodies (Ab) and T cell receptors (TCR)

29
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Leukocytes are developed in the bone marrow

30
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells can form into what three progenitor groups?

A

Lymphoid progenitor, myeloid progenitor or erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor

31
Q

What do lymphoid progenitors develop into?

A

B cells, T cells and NK cells

32
Q

What do myeloid progenitors develop into?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, monocytes and mast cells

33
Q

What two cell types make up the adaptive immune response?

A

B cells and T cells

34
Q

What are peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs)?

A

Leukocytes found in the blood

35
Q

Which immune cells give rise to memory cells?

A

B cells and T cells

36
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

37
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Immunity that is mediated by antibodies and can be transferred to a non-immune recipient by serum

38
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Any adaptive immune response where antigen-specific effector T cells dominate.

39
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

They activate and coordinate other cells in the immune response

40
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells?

A

They kill infected cells

41
Q

What are Natural Killer (NK) cells?

A

They are part of the innate immune system, but function similar to cytotoxic T cells in that they kill infected cells.

42
Q

What do monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells do?

A

They are part of the innate immune response and practice phagocytosis and endocytosis that kill pathogens using pathogen recognition receptors (PRR’s) to identify its target and secrete cytokines.

43
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

They are the most abundant cell in the innate immune response and move aggressively against infections with phagocytosis and when they die they become pus.

44
Q

Where do you find mast cells and basophils?

A

Both are innate immune response cells that cause inflammation and mast cells are found in tissues and basophils are found in the blood

45
Q

What kind of pathogen do eosinophils work against?

A

Helminth (worm) parasites

46
Q

What is CD nomenclature?

A

Cluster of differentiation nomenclature distinguished among the hundreds of cell types by surface proteins - both receptor/signaling structures and the four types of adhesion molecules.

47
Q

What are cytokines?

A

They are the molecules secreted after immune stimulation that enable cell to cell communication and regulate the intensity and duration of an immune response.

48
Q

What are the six cytokines families?

A 
Interleukins (IL)
Interferons (iFN)
Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNF)
Transforming Growth Factors (TGF)
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)
Chemokines

Immunology (11 decks)

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