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Immunology > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

When harmful immune responses are caused by a harmless substance

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2
Q

What is an allergen?

A

The normally harmless substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction

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3
Q

What are the four categories of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1, 2, 3 and 4

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4
Q

Which of the four hypersensitivity categories are considered immediate hypersensitivities?

A

Types 1, 2 and 3

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5
Q

Which hypersensitivity category is considered a delayed hypersensitivity?

A

Type 4

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6
Q

What kind of response is illicitly by the immediate hypersensitivity?

A

A humoral response

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7
Q

What isotype is used during a type 1 hypersensitivity response?

A

IgE

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8
Q

What isotype is used during a type 2 or 3 hypersensitivity response?

A

IgG

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9
Q

Which lymphocyte is at the heart of a delayed hypersensitivity response?

A

Effector T cells

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10
Q

Which hypersensitivity type involved Th2 which drives B cells to synthesize IgE?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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11
Q

What is the biochemical/physiological explanation for allergies?

A

There is none

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12
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are similar to the immune system’s reaction to what?

A

Helminth parasites

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13
Q

Which hypersensitivity reaction includes mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, Th2 cytokines and IgE antibodies?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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14
Q

What leads you to the activation of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils during a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

APC takes up and presents antigen peptides on MHC class 2 to CD4 T cells

Cytokines secreted by APC activate Th2

Th2 stimulate B cells to secret IgE which bind with effector cells

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15
Q

What occurs during an acute type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Histamine and TNF alpha are secreted from mast cell granules causing inflammation

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16
Q

What occurred during a chronic type 1 hypersensitivity response?

A

Cytokines and lipid mediators are made and eosinophils secrete toxins that contribute to inflammation

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17
Q

What is localized anaphylaxis?

A

Allergic reactions confined to a small region of the body

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18
Q

What is a less serious example of localized anaphylaxis?

A

Hay fever

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19
Q

What is a more serious example of localized anaphylaxis?

A

Allergic asthma

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20
Q

What are some symptoms of allergic asthma?

A

Inflammation of lungs
Increased fluid in lungs
Smooth muscle constriction

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21
Q

What is the most serious kind of type 1 hypersensitivity?

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A

System anaphylaxis

22
Q

What is systemic anaphylaxis?

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A

Whole body inflammatory response after exposure to an allergen through the bloodstream

23
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

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A

An allergic reaction that causes the body to fill with fluid causing death by asphyxiation

24
Q

What are the six classes of anti-inflammatory drugs?

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A
  1. Anti-histamines
  2. Corticosteroids
  3. NSAIDs
  4. Cromolyn Sodium
  5. Epinephrine
  6. Anti-IgE Abs
25
What are some characteristics of corticosteroids?
Made from natural steroids Powerful anti-inflammatory Hydrophobic compound enters cell to activate genes Side effects
26
What pathways do NSAID target?
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
27
What is hyposensitization?
Also known as desensitization, a series of shots with gradually increasing concentration of allergens
28
How does hyposensitization cure patients?
By inducing the immune response to make IgG instead of IgE
29
What causes allergies?
Genetic and environmental factors
30
What is the hygiene hypothesis?
With allergies and immunodeficiency on the ride in developed countries it is thought that a lack of exposure is the cause of the increase
31
What novel therapy was inspired by the hygiene hypothesis?
Anti-inflammatory drugs derived of helminthic parasites Probiotics
32
Which hypersensitivity type is associated with antibody mediated cytotoxicity?
Type 2
33
Which hypersensitivity type is associated with IgG binding to soluble antigens forming complexes that activate complement?
Type 3
34
What is a potential side effect of penicillin?
The penicillin could become covalently bound to the surface proteins on red blood cells, stimulating anti-penicillin IgG and anemia
35
Which hypersensitivity type could a reaction to penicillin cause?
Type 2 hypersensitivity
36
What kind of hypersensitivity would be caused by a mismatched ABO blood transfusion?
Type 2 hypersensitivity
37
What are the symptoms associated with a mismatched blood transfusion?
Fever, chills, shock, kidney failure and death
38
Why are mismatched blood transfusions so deadly?
Because the antibodies are directed against the RBC glycoproteins of non-self and results in complement mediated cytolysis of RBCs
39
What is the basis of ABO blood typing?
The presence or absence of anti-A or anti-B antibodies
40
What is the cause of type 3 hypersensitivity?
Immune complexes between IgG antibodies and soluble protein antigens
41
How does complex size factor into a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?
Medium and large complexes can be cleared through the circulation while small may become stuck in the tissue
42
What is serum sickness?
A type 3 hypersensitivity to a high dose intravenous injected drug leading to widespread reaction
43
What is the clinical consequences of a type 3 hypersensitivity?
Immune complex mediated actor complement and inflammatory response specific to where the complexes have been deposited
44
How do type 4 hypersensitivity reactions differ from 1, 2 and 3?
Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions do not involve antibodies
45
What is a DTH response?
A delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
46
How long after exposure does a DTH reaction take?
1-3 days
47
What are three examples of a type 4 hypersensitivity reactions?
The TB test Poison Ivy Celiac disease
48
How does a TB test work?
An intradermal injection of TB draws memory Th1 calls and macrophages to the area if previously exposed
49
How does the reaction to poison ivy happen?
The chemical pentadecacatechol covalently attaches to skin cell surface proteins forming antigenic structures that are presented to CD4 and CD8 T cells
50
What is celiac disease?
A type 4 autoimmune hypersensitivity to gluten proteins that causes small intestine inflammation due to CD4 T cell reaction to gluten
51
What is the genetic component of celiac disease?
MHC class 2 alleles HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DQ2

Immunology (11 decks)

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