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Pharmacology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects the physiologic process of a living organism

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs

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3
Q

Science of preparing & dispensing drugs, including dosage form design(dosage form determines rate of which dissolution occurs; capsule-GI track, solution-GI track).

A

Pharmaceutics

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug & all metabolites have left the body (Absorption, distribution-transport of drug by blood stream to site of action, metabolism aka biotransformation, excretion)

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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the biochemical & physiologic interactions of drugs in their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs & their pharmoacologic interactions with the body receptors.

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6
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

Study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundunce, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

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7
Q

pharmacoeconomics

A

Study of economic factors impact the cost of drug therapy.

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8
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.

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9
Q

pharmacognosy

A

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant & animal sources.

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10
Q

toxicology

A

the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, & applicable treatments.

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11
Q

additive effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone( 1+1=2)

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12
Q

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.

A

Adverse drug event

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13
Q

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

A

Adverse effect

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14
Q

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired , or excessive response to a medication given at the therapeutic dosages.

A

Adverse drug reaction

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15
Q

Agonist

A

a drug that binds to & stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

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16
Q

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.

A

Allergic reactions

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17
Q

A drug that binds to & inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Also called inhibitors.

A

Antagonist

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18
Q

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone(1+1= less than 2) It is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another.

A

Antagonistic effect

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19
Q

Bioavailability

A

A measure of the extent of drug aborption for a given drug & route(from 0-100%).

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20
Q

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Occurs mainly in the liver & produces a metabolite that is either active or inactive(aka metabolism).

A

Biotransformation

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21
Q

Any condition, especially one related to a a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

A

Contraindication

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22
Q

A general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism &drug interactions

A

Cytochrome P-430

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23
Q

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug.

A

Dependence

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24
Q

The processes involved in the interaction between a drug & body cells.

A

Drug action

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25
Q

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs.

A

Drug-induced teratogenesis

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26
Q

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response.

A

Duration of Action

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27
Q

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.

A

First-pass effect

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28
Q

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells breakdown when the body is exposed to certain drugs.

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) deficiency

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29
Q

The time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduce by 50%.

A

Half-life

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30
Q

The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs.

A

Incompatibility

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31
Q

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm.

A

Medication error

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32
Q

A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical(metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive. Inactive metabolites lack pharmoacologic activity & are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body(urination,BM,respiration)

A

Metabolite

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33
Q

The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing.

A

Onset of action

34
Q

Chemical form of drug before it is metabolized.

A

Parent drug

35
Q

The time required for drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body.

A

Peak effect

36
Q

Ten maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.

A

Peak level

37
Q

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.

A

Prodrug

38
Q

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

A

Steady State

39
Q

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater that the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.(1+1 greater than 2)

A

Synergistic effects

40
Q

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.

A

Therapeutic effect

41
Q

The ratio between the toxic &therapeutic concentrations of a drug

A

Therapeutic index

42
Q

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use.

A

Tolerance

43
Q

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.

A

Trough level

44
Q

Category A Studies indicate no risk to human fetus
Category B Studies indicate no risk to animal fetus; info on human fetus not available
Category C Adverse effects reported in animal fetus ; info on humans not available
Category D Possible fetal risk has been reported, however in select cases consideration of the potential benefit vs risk, may warrant use of these drugs in pregnant woman.
Category X Fetal abnormalities have been reported & positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal & human studies. These Drugs are not to be used in pregnant woman

A

Pregnancy Safety Categories

45
Q

Absorption:
Gastric PH is less acidic /acid producing cells in stomach are immature until appox 1-2yrs
Gastric Emptying slow or irregular peristalsis
First-pass elimination by the liver is reduced because of the immaturity of the liver & reduced levels of microsomal enzymes
Intramuscular absorption is faster & irregular

A

Pharmacokinetic changes in neonate & pediatric patient

46
Q

Distribution:
Total body water is 70-80% in full term infants, 85% premature newborns & 64% in children 1-12yrs
Fat content is lower in young patients/ greater total body water
Protein binding is decreased because of decreased production of protein by immature liver
More drugs enter the brain because of immature blood brain barrier

A

Pharmacokinetic changes in neonate & pediatric patient

47
Q

Metabolism:
Levels of microsomal enzymes are decrease because of the immature liver does not produce enough yet
Older children may have increased metabolism & require higher dosages once hepatic enzymes are produced
Many variables affect metabolism in premature infants, infant and children, including the status of liver enzyme production, genetic differences & substances to which the mother was exposed during pregnancy

A

Pharmacokinetic changes in neonate & pediatric patient

48
Q

Excretion:
Glomerular filtration rate & tubular secretion & resorption are all decreased in young patients/immature kidneys
Perfusion of the kidneys may be decreased, which results in reduced renal function, concentrating ability, & excretion of drug

A

Pharmacokinetic changes in neonate & pediatric patient

49
Q

Cardiovascular- decrease output=decreased absorption & distribution; decreased blood flow =decreased absorption & distribution
Gastrointestinal- increase in PH( alkaline gastric secretions)= altered absorption;
decreased peristalsis=delayed gastric emptying
Hepatic- decreased enzyme production=decreased metabolism; decreased blood flow =decreased metabolism
Renal- decreased blood flow =decreased excretion; decreased glomerular filtration rate= decreased excretion

A

Physiologic Changes in the Elderly Patient

50
Q

1) potentially inappropriate medications & classes to avoid in the older adult
2) potentially inappropriate medications & classes to avoid in older adults with certain diseases & syndromes
3) medications to be used with caution in older adults

A

Beers Criteria for Prevention of Adverse Drug events in older adults

51
Q

What are the Six rights of medication administration?

A 
Right patient
Right drug
Right time
Right dose
Right route 
Right documentation
52
Q

A type of warning that appears in the drug’s prescribing information & (required by FDA) to alert prescriber’s of serious adverse events that have occurred with the drug

A

Black box warning

53
Q

The customary beliefs, social forms & material traits of a racial, religious or social group

A

Culture

54
Q

variation in response to a drug because of a patients age, gender,size and/or body composition.

A

Drug polymorphism

55
Q

The rules of conduct recognized in respect toa particular class of human actions or a particular group

A

Ethics

56
Q

Relating to or chacteristics of a human group having racial, religious, language & other traits in common

A

Ethnicity

57
Q

An act that protects health insurance coverage for workers & their families when they change jobs.It also protects patient info (confidentiality).

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

58
Q

Any drug listed on one of t the schedules of the Controlled Subtance Act

A

Controlled substance

59
Q

Another name for prescription drugs

A

Legend drugs

60
Q

A special type of negligence or the failure of a professional and/or individual with specialized education & training to act in a reasonable and prudent way

A

Malpractice

61
Q

Legal term established under the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914. Any class or substance that blunt the senses,as opium,morphine, belladonna and alcohol, that in large quantities produce euphoria,stupor or coma that can cause habituation or addiction and used in medicine to relieve pain, cause sedation and induce sleep.

A

Narcotic

62
Q

The failure to act in a reasonable & prudent manner or failure of the nurse to give the care that a reasonably prudent (cautious) nurse would render or use under similar circumstances

A

Negligence

63
Q

Descendants of a common ancestor; tribe, family or people believed to belong to the same lineage

A

Race

64
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Do no harm

65
Q

veracity

A

the duty to tell the truth

66
Q

justice

A

fair and equal in one’s action

67
Q

Autonomy

A

self determination & the ability to act on one’s own

68
Q

Beneficence

A

ethical principle of doing or actively promoting good

69
Q

Premature=

A

Age Classification

70
Q

The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems

A

Polypharmacy

71
Q

A graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using various bod measurements

A

Nonogram

72
Q

A patients particular response to normal dosage of drug.(it is genetic)

A

Idiosyncratic reaction

73
Q

Period of greatest danger of drug induced developmental defects( period of fetus cell proliferation: organ development)

A

First Trimester

74
Q

The period of greatest percentage of maternally absorbed drug gets to the fetus( increase blood flow to fetus)>

A

Third Trimester

75
Q

In 1999 the high percentage of medical errors was brought to the fore front by

A

Institute of Medicine (IOM)

76
Q 
Allergic reaction(often predictable)
Idiosynciratic reaction (usually unpredictable)
A

Two components of Adverse Drug Reaction

77
Q

CNS, Anticoagulants & Chemotherapeutic drugs

A

Drugs commonly involved in severe medication errors

78
Q

Drugs identified as those that, because of potentially toxic nature, require special care when prescribing, dispensing and /or administering.(Potential for harm is increased because of potency)

A

High-Alert medication

79
Q

Three steps:

1) Verification-pt. meds & over counter
2) Clarification-review of info to ensure meds & dosage are appropriate
3) Reconciliation- Further investigation of discrepancies & documentation in med orders

A

Steps in Medication Reconciliation

80
Q

At admission
Status change
Patient transfer
Discharge

A

When is Medication Reconciliation performed?

81
Q

Unintentional adverse effects that are caused by the actions of a prescriber, other health care professional or by a specific treatment

A

Iatrogenic effects

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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