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Cell Biology > Module 1: An Introduction To Cell Structure And Function > Flashcards

Module 1: An Introduction To Cell Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Simplest cell form of the present-day cells

Bacterium-like, parasitic, diameter = 0.3um

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Cell structure = cell wall ➡️cell membrane ➡️ “soup” of nuclei acids, DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.
Represented by bacteria

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Simplest organisms found in most areas
Spherical (cocci) or rod-shaped (bacilli)
Thick protective cell wall
In diverse areas and can adapt/survive in even harsh conditions

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4
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Bacteria that can live under harsh conditions ie ocean depths, salt brines, hot acid springs

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5
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria that obtains nitrogen directly from atmospheric N2

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6
Q

Anerobic bacteria

A

Thrived when earth’s atmosphere had very little O2

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7
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells that have a nucleus and specific organelles within

2 types: plant & animal cells

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8
Q

What are the specific organelles of eukaryotic cells?

A

mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxisomes in cytosol that also contains a filamentous cytoskeleton

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9
Q

How do animal and plant cells differ?

A

Animal: have a cell membrane and centrioles that play a vital role in cell division i.
Plant: surrounded by cell walls with an underlying plasma membrane; have large vacuoles and chloroplasts that are essential for photosynthesis.

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10
Q

In what ways do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

A

Organisms v. Cell size v. Metabolism v. Organelles v. DNA v. RNA & protein v. Cytoplasm v. Cell division v. Cellular organization

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11
Q

Unicellular protists

A

Simplest of eukaryotes
Single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can utilize photosynthesis or be carnivorous, can be motile or non-motile, can also possess muscle-like contractile bundles, flagella for movement, mouth parts, or pseudopods (leg-like appendages)

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12
Q

How did the evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A

when cells closely related by ancestry differentiated from each other and developed a specific feature to a high degree, leading to the formation of different parts of a multicellular organism.

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13
Q

Epithelia tissue

A

Structure: cells stacked on top of a basement membrane
Location: lines the inner and outer surfaces of the body
Role: provides protection, absorption, secretion and aids in trapping foreign substances; aggregate to form glands that have specialized secretions.

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14
Q

Connective tissue

A

Role: the “glue” btwn various organs & tissues
Structure: made of an extracellular matrix + fibers + cells (including fibroblasts that produce the fibers and extracellular matrix)

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15
Q

Blood

A

Mix of water, proteins and specialized cells

2 types: erythrocytes (red blood cells) & white blood cells

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16
Q

Erythrocytes aka red blood cells

A

Contain hemoglobin that helps carry 02 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs

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17
Q

White blood cells

A

Part of the immune system and help protect the organism from invading microbes

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18
Q

Muscle cells

A

Make mechanical force by contracting.
3 types: skeletal - attached to skeletal structures
Cardiac- make up the heart
Smooth- make up internal organs.

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19
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Made of nerve cells specialized for communication aka neurons
Communicate with each other via special structures called synapses
Neurons transmit info by using electrical impulses and neurotransmitters (specialized chemicals) → makes up the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves → coordinate all body functions, ie. Secretions and movement
Nervous system obtains info from the outside environment via sensory nerves and sensory cells and then it responds accordingly

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20
Q

Why is the human nervous system so evolved?

A

Due to the sheer numbers of neurons, how extensively the connect, how rapidly they transmit and process info and the to ability allow higher level thinking
The way they connect with each other=patterns of behavior

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21
Q

What makes up a cell?

A

6 elements; Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
Water =70% of the cell
Most of cell= carbon compounds

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22
Q

How and why does Carbon make up majority of the cell?

A

Carbon has unique ability to form large, complex molecules

Carbon + hydrogen + oxygen = the building blocks of the cell → carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

23
Q

What types of organic molecules are found in cells?

A

Four families of small organic molecules:

  1. Sugars
  2. Fatty acids
  3. Amino acids
  4. Nucleotides
24
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins
An amino group + a carboxyl group + 1 of 20 different side chains
20 different amino acids identified by their side chain

25
Q

How are amino acids classified?

A

Classified based on side chain into: acid, basic, uncharged polar, or nonpolar amino acids

26
Q

Acidic amino acids

A

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

27
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

28
Q

Uncharged polar amino acids

A 
Asparagine
Glutamine
Cysteine
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
29
Q

Nonpolar amino acids

A 
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Proline
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Glycine
30
Q

How do amino acids form proteins?

A

30-100 amino acids joined together = peptide

Several peptides joined = proteins

31
Q

Nucleotides

A

Form DNA and RNA in the cell
A 5-carbon sugar + a phosphate + a base = a nucleotide
(Nucleoside = base + sugar)

32
Q

Bases in nucleotides

A

2 types of bases: purines vs. Pyridines
Purines = adenine, guanine
Pyridines = cytosine, uracil, thymine

33
Q

Sugars in nucleotides

A

2 types: ribose vs. 2-deoxyribose

34
Q

How do nucleotides form nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester bonds = nucleic acids
If made with ribose sugars = RNA
If made with deoxyribose sugars = DNA

35
Q

Other roles of nucleotides

A
  1. Their easily hydrolyzed acid anhydride bonds allow them to carry chemical energy, eg. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  2. Can join other molecules → coenzymes
  3. Can be used as intracellular signaling molecules, eg AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
36
Q

Flow of energy

A

Electromagnetic radiation (sun) → photosynthesis (plants)→ organic molecules
Animals eat plants → oxidize the organic molecules via enzyme- catalyzed chemical reactions → ATP is generated
Cells use ATP → macromolecular synthesis and breakdown + heat into the environment
Food consumption → broken down into smaller molecules in 3 processes → ATP is produced.
Processes occur in the mitochondria
Hydrolysis of ATP → energy for biosynthesis ofcellular proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules
Repetitive dehydration reactions → small activated precursor molecules assemble into large proteins and nucleic acids

37
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of larger molecules due to the action of specific enzymes

38
Q

Aerobic generation of ATP

A
  1. Proteins → amino acids. Fats → fatty acids & glycerol. Polysaccharides → sugars. This process is digestion.
  2. Smaller molecules enter cells → degraded into cytosol
  3. Via glycolysis: carbon and hydrogen atoms of sugars →pyruvate → enters the mitochondria → converted to acetal groups of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA= large amount of energy like ATP)
    3a. Oxidation of fatty acids → acetyl CoA
  4. Acetyl CoA is degraded to CO2 and water → ATP is generated
39
Q

Anerobic generation of ATP

A

Adds an oxygen-requiring step = highly efficient @ extracting energy from food molecules
Start: the citric acid cycle (aka Krebs cycle aka tricarboxylic acid cycle)
End: oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH2 transfer their accumulated electrons into molecular oxygen → large amount of ATP released

41
Q

Nucleus

A

“Brain” of the cell → regulates gene expression, coordinates protein synthesis, and determines a cell’s response to a stimulus

42
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Made of 2 membranes

43
Q

Chromosomal DNA

A

Within the nucleus as chromatin→ a tightly wound form that uses histone proteins as anchors to wrap around

44
Q

Nucleolus

A

A dense body in the nucleus that’s thesite of RNA assembly

45
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow contents of the nucleus to be exchanged with the cytosol.

46
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A series of membranous tubes or sacs that lies adjacent to the nucleus
Its membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope’s outer membrane
Rough ER vs. Smooth ER

47
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes on its surface → involved in active protein synthesis
Rough ER lumen = the receiving site for the secretion of assembled peptide chains

48
Q

Smooth ER

A

Tubular and does not have ribosomes on its surface

Has a role in lipid metabolism

49
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A system of stacked flattened sacs → modify, sort, and package proteins and macromolecules and prep them for shipment to various parts of the cell for further processing or secretion
Transport is via small vesicles that are associated with this particular organelle

50
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes → responsible for intracellular digestion

51
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membrane-bound vesicles containing oxidative enzymes → generate hydrogen peroxide → scavenge oxidative radicals

52
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sites of power generation →generate ATP by using oxygen and nutrient molecules
Contain large # of enzymes that are part of redox reactions involved in the electron transport chain → generating proteins that drive the formation of ATP = an energy source for the all

53
Q

Cytosol

A

A liquid in the all containing various chemicals and macromolecules → keeps organelles suspended
Contains filaments = cell shape, movement, and cell division
3 kinds of filaments: 1 microtubules= 25nm diameter; 2.intermediate filaments = 10nm diameter; 3. Actin filaments = 7 nm diameter

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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