Module 1 - anatomy of the brain Flashcards
1
Q
the central system is the ______ and _____ centre
A
integrating and commanding
2
Q
cerebrum contains 83% of brain volume and is divided into:
A
cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon.
3
Q
the _______ contains 50% of neurons.
A
cerebellum.
4
Q
neurons are highly specialised, excitable cells, provide rapid communication and have high_______ rate
A
metabolic
5
Q
glial cells provided structural support, insulation and….
A
regional metabolism.
6
Q
grey matter (neuron cell bodies) …
A
nucleus (CNS) and ganglion (PNS).
7
Q
white matter (myelinated axons)….
A
tract (CNS) and nerve (PNS)
8
Q
caudal
A
toward the tail
9
Q
rostral
A
toward the nose
10
Q
spinal cord extends from the____ to the_____
A
foramen magnum to first or second lumbar vertebra
11
Q
enlargements of spinal cord
A
cervical and lumbar where nerves for upper and lower limb arises.
12
Q
conus medullaris
A
end of spinal cord - tapering conical structure below the lumbar enlargement
13
Q
filum terminale
A
anchors spinal cord to coccyx.
14
Q
cauda equina
A
roots of nerves that arise from the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions of spinal cord and travel down the vertebral column.
15
Q
posterior (dorsal) horns
A
incoming terminals from peripheral sensory neurons + inter-neurons
16
Q
anterior (ventral) horns
A
motor neurons that go to the periphery + inter-neurons
17
Q
dorsal roots (afferent fibres)
A
connects with dorsal root ganglion - sensory axons to the cord from spinal nerve.
18
Q
ventral roots (efferent fibres)
A
motor axons to muscle/organs through mixed spinal nerves.
19
Q
enlarged grey matter in____and _____ regions as more neurons muscles of lower and upper limbs.
A
cervical; lumbar
20
Q
white matter increases in dorsal____from lumbar to______ regions - reflects increasing addition of sensory fibres from addition of sensory fibres from caudal to rostral truck regions.
A
column: cervical.
21
Q
paralysis
A
temporary or permanent loss of motor control.
22
Q
paraesthesia
A
sensory loss
23
Q
the brain contains__ventricles
A
4
24
Q
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by______ _____. it fills cerebral ventricles and spinal cord as well as the ______ space
A
choroid plexus: subarachnoid space.
25
CSF has a constant turn over rate of
500mL/day produced and drained.
26
CSF is drained into venous sinus through the...
arachnoid granulations.
27
the functions of CSF are...
buoyancy, protection, chemical stability.
28
location of puncture for CSF sampling is...
lumbar.
29
CSF flow pathway..
lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through the intraventricular foramen. the third and fourth ventricle are connected to each other by the cerebral aqueduct. CSF then flows in the subarachnoid space through the lateral and median apertures.
30
cerebral aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles.
31
interventricular foramen
connects lateral ventricles. to third ventricle.
32
lateral aperture
holes in 4th ventricle that allows CSF to pass through. also called foramina of lushke.
33
components. of the lateral ventricles
anterior horn, body, posterior horn, and inferior horn
34
choroid plexus produces CSF in...
body and inferior horn of the lateral ventricles.
35
third ventricle is located....
between lateral ventricle and cerebral aqueduct, choroid plexus in the roof.
36
fourth ventricle is located....
between cerebellum and pons/medulla
37
the roof/floor the fourth ventricle is formed by....
superior medullary velum and the inferior medullary velum (choroid plexus). The floor is formed by the brainstem.
38
the fourth ventricle has three openings..
2 lateral apertures and 1 median aperture.
39
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain - due to increase production of CSF, disturbance in absorbance into venous sinuses.
40
Gyri
ridges.
41
sulci
shallow grooves.
42
fissure
an opening; a groove; a split.
43
what sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus.
44
what sulcus separates the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes
lateral sulcus
45
what fissure separates the cerebrum and cerebellum...
transverse fissure.
46
what sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobe?
parieto-occipital
47
insula cortex
lies medial to lateral sulcus.
48
function of meninges
cover and protect CNS. protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses. contain CSF and form partitions in skull.
49
Three layers of meninges
dura, arachnoid, pia
50
dura mater
tough mother, outer layer, protecting the brain and spinal cord.
51
two layers of dura mater function..
periosteal layer and meningeal layer - separate and form dural venous sinuses.
52
dura mater extends inwards to form..
flat partitions to subdivide the cranial cavity and limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium
53
dura mater forms partitions between...
two cerebral hemispheres (falx. cerebri), cerebellum and. cerebrum (tentorium cerebelli), two cerebellar hemispheres (falx cerebelli)
54
falx cerebri..
lies in medial sagittal plane, partially separates cerebral hemispheres.
55
falx cerebri is attached to...
bony projection anteriorly (crista galli) and to upper surface of tentorium cerebelli posteriorly.
56
tentorium cerebelli
lies in the horizontal plane, separates cerebrum from cerebellum.
57
falx cerebelli
smaller dural fold runs along the vermis of the cerebellum and separates two cerebellar hemispheres.
58
subdural space...
space between dura mater and arachnoid mater - very narrow, contains film of fluid, may be enlarged by bleeding.
59
arachnoid mater..
delicate transparent membrane - connected to the pia mater by fine strands of connective tissue (arachnoid trabecula)
60
subarachnoid space..
a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the CSF - contains blood vessels.
61
cisterna magna
large area of CSF collection between the cerebellum and the medulla.
62
superior cistern..
also called the superior cerebellar cistern; an enlarged region of subarachnoid space above the cerebellum below the tentorium cerebelli.
63
interpeduncular cistern...
lies between the peduncles. contains bifurcation of basilar artery
64
pontine cistern
lies over the pons.
65
arachnoid villi (granulations)
help recycle CSF to blood; look like little warts; allow CSF to general circulation and drain via venous sinuses.
66
superior sagittal sinus...
a venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres.
67
Flow of CSF
lateral ventricle -> 3rd -> 4th -> arachnoid space -> out arachnoid villi into blood stream.
68
pia mater..
delicate membrane, follows contours of brain, including sulci.
69
pia mater characteristics...
enmeshes blood vessels, sends prolongations into brain tissue along with blood vessels (perivascular space), helps form the roof of ventricles, closely associated with choroid plexus and ependyma
70
perivascular space...
space filled by blood vessels that penetrate the pia mater and enter the neural tissue where nutrient exchange occurs.
71
ependyma...
membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain.
72
spinal meninges....
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater - NO PERIOSTEAL layer.
73
spinal meninges: subarachnoid space...
between arachnoid and pia mater meninges, contains CSF - because there is not periosteal layer, there is an epidural space which contains fat tissue and is largest at L2 where spinal cord ends.
74
epidural anaesthesia...
regional anaesthesia produced by injecting mediation into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine.
75
lumbar cistern...
subarachnoid space inferior to medullary cone that contains cauda equina and CSF.
76
cistern...
reservoir or water tank.
77
spinal meninges; pia mater specialisation..
denticulate ligament - supports the spinal cord within dural sheath to secure spinal cord in place
filum terminale - fibre running from conus medullaris to tail bone, anchoring ends of spinal cord for extra support of spinal cord.
78
filum terminale
fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
79
meningitis..
inflammation of the pia-arachnoid mater.
80
internal carotid artery..
artery that supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear.
81
basilar artery...
an artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplied blood to the brainstem and to the posterior cerebral arteries.
82
vertebral artery...
one of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull
83
the basilar artery divides into two...
posterior cerebral arteries.
84
the internal carotid artery branches into...
anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
85
circle of willis (cerebral arterial circle)...
```
R/L posterior cerebral arteries
R/L posterior communicating arteries
R/L internal carotid arteries
R/L anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery
```
86
circle of willis function..
- equalises blood pressure in the brain
| - provided alternative channels if one vessel becomes blocked.
87
posterior cerebral arteries.
two large arteries , arising from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem, 3rd and lateral ventricles.
88
anterior cerebral arteries.
two large arteries, arising from the carotids, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
89
middle cerebral arteries
two large arteries, arising from the internal carotid arteries, that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaced of the cerebral hemispheres
90
Blood brain barrier
formed by tight junction between the endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries to create a selective barrier for nutrients which serves as a protective mechanism to maintain a stable environment for the brain.
91
stroke results in......
reduction of blood supply to the brain - occlusion of a cerebral artery.
92
ischemic stroke
a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked.
93
hemorrhagic stroke
cerebral blood vessel rupture.
94
stroke-related dysfunction: anterior cerebral artery
contralateral hemiplegia (one artery) or bilateral paralysis (two arteries) and impaired sensation - greatest in lower limb
95
stroke-related dysfunction: middle cerebral artery
severe contralateral hemiplegia and impaired sensation - greatest in upper limb and face.
SEVERE aphasia if the dominant hemisphere is affected.
96
stroke-related dysfunction: posterior cerebral artery
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual loss in half the visual field in both eyes)
97
blood drainage of the brain
fine veins (brain) -> pial venous plexuses -> cerebral veins -> dural venous sinus (emissary veins e.g., scalp and face) -> internal jugular vein -> heart.
98
emissary veins
connect dural venous sinuses with veins outside the skull - a potential source of infection into cranial cavity
rupture = subdural hemotoma.
99
dural venous sinuses
large veins in the dura mater that drain the cranium - collect venous blood from the brain and direct it into the internal jugular veins of the neck.
100
subdural hemotoma
collection of blood under the dura mater.
101
venous sinuses
blood-filled space between two layers of dura mater. they receive venous blood from scalp and also receive CSF
102
superior sagittal sinus
lies along the superior border of the falx cerebri - joins the transverse sinus (right). arachnoid vili drain the CSF into the superior sagittal sinus.
103
inferior sagittal sinus
runs within the inferior margin of the falx cerebri and joins the straight sinus.
104
straight sinus
- within tentorium cerebelli
| - joins left transverse sinus.
105
transverse sinus
LEFT continuous with straight sinus
| RIGHT continuous with superior sagittal sinus.
106
sigmoid sinus
- forward continuation of transverse sinus
| - opens into internal jugular vein.
107
cavernous sinus
lateral to the pituitary gland, linked with venous channels
- drains into the superior sagittal sinus: transverse sinus
- drains into the inferior sinuses: internal jugular vein.
108
posterior spinal arteries
supply posterior (dorsal) horns and posterior (dorsal) columns.
109
anterior spinal arteries
supply anterior (ventral) and lateral columns, gray matter (except for dorsal horn)
110
radicular arteries
supply the spinal nerves.
111
posterior and anterior spinal veins drain blood into the......
internal vertebral venous plexus.
112
internal vertebral venous plexus
located within the epidural space
runs the entire length of the epidural space and continues superiorly through the foramen magnum to connect with dural venous sinuses in the cranial activity.
113
spinal cord strokes are typically......
ischemic - occlusion of posterior or anterior arteries.
114
functional areas of cerebral cortex
motor areas, sensory areas, association areas.
115
frontal lobe of cerebral cortex
executive function, impulse control, long-term planning (frontal cortex), motor function (primary motor cortex), speech (Broca's area).
116
gyrus's of the frontal lobe....
pre-central gyrus located posterior to the superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus.
117
what separates the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle front gyrus?
inferior frontal sulcus.
118
what separates the middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus?
superior frontal sulcus.
119
location of central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobe.
120
location of pre-central gyrus
anterior to central sulcus.
121
where is the primary motor cortex located?
pre-central gyrus of frontal lobe
122
what does the primary motor cortex control?
a contralateral skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles (supplies 30% of axons to the corticospinal tract)
controls most precise muscles in the body
123
pre-central gyrus damage
occlusion/rupture of the anterior cerebral artery.
- contralateral hemiplegia
- greatest in lower limbs.
124
anterior cerebral artery supplies ___ aspect of cerebral hemispheres and ___ _____
medial; basal nuclei
125
middle cerebral artery damage results in
contralateral hemiplegia, greatest in the upper limbs and face regions.
126
middle cerebral artery supplies all the _____ surface of cerebral hemispheres
lateral
127
premotor cortex of frontal lobe includes......
superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri.
128
premotor cortex functions
planning movement, coordinating movement, controls learned motor skills - supplies 30% of corticospinal tract.
129
supplementary motor area
the area of secondary motor cortex that is within and adjacent to the longitudinal fissure - planning of complex movements.
130
cingulate gyrus
a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum
131
damage to supplementary and cingulate motor areas result in.....
loss of desired skilled movements and speech
132
inferior frontal gyrus can be broken into three subsections...
opercular, triangular, orbital.
133
opercular and triangular subsections of the inferior frontal gyrus are associated with what brain region?
broca's region of language
134
what generates the motor programme for larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speech projection?
opercular and triangular parts of the inferior gyrus.
135
The broca's area is present in 1 or 2 hemispheres?
one
136
damage to broca's area generates...
difficulty writing or speaking words but comprehension intact.
137
damage to middle cerebral artery can cause severe.....
aphasia if the dominant hemisphere is affected.
138
prefrontal cortex has extensive connections to...
parietal, temporal and occipital lobes.
139
components of the prefrontal cortex...
involved in intellect, complex learning abilities, planning, memory, and emotional control.
140
the prefrontal cortex measures____
slowly
141
dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is associated with....
schizophrenia, ADD, etc.
142
the parietal lobe lies posterior to the______ sulcus and is composed of a superior and inferior parietal____ which is separated by the _____ sulcus
postcentral; lobe; intraparietal.
143
the post-central gyrus contains what?
primary somatosensory cortex.
144
the sensory homunculus receives information from the...
contralateral side
145
damage to the post-central gyrus results in occlusion/rupture of a branch of the anterior cerebral artery which causes....
occlusion/rupture of a branch of the anterior cerebral artery which causes contralateral sensory loss and is greatest in lower limbs.
146
damage to post-central gyrus results in occlusion/rupture of a branch of the middle cerebral artery which causes.....
contralateral sensory loss and is greatest in upper limbs.
147
superior parietal lobe corresponds to what cortex....
somatosensory association cortex.
148
somatosensory association cortex function....
integrating different sensory inputs to produce a comprehensive understanding of position of limbs, location of touch and pain, shape and weight/texture of an object.
149
damage to the somatosensory association cortex...
tactile agnosia - unable to recognise objects without looking at them.
150
inferior parietal lobe is associated with what cortex....
multimodal association cortex.
151
the temporal lobe consists of a superior, middle and inferior temporal___ which the superior and middle is separated by a superior temporal____ and the middle and inferior separated by a inferior temporal____
gyrus, sulcus, sulcus
152
the ____ margin of the superior temporal gyrus processes ____ information and is sensitive to ___ , rhythm, and loudness
superior, auditory, pitch.
153
unilateral damage to the primary auditory cortex (middle cerebral artery) results in.....
hearing loss
154
the temporal lobe is associated with what cortex?
primary auditory cortex.
155
bilateral damage to the primary auditory cortex results in.....
cortical deafness
156
the ____ part of the superior temporal gyrus is associated with the auditory ____ cortex and more specifically is the location of ______ area.
posterior, association, wernicke's
157
Wernicke's area is a ______ language area which permits recognition of ____ and ____ language
sensory, spoken, written.
158
damage to wernicke's area results in....
receptive aphasia (fluent)
159
accurate fasciculus
a bundle of axons that connects wernicke's area (superior temporal gyrus) with Broca's area (inferior frontal gyrus); damage causes conduction aphasia.
160
language areas: frontal cortex...
Broca's area and supplementary motor area (language motor production) and lateral prefrontal cortex (processing of comprehension and word analysis)
161
language areas: parietal cortex...
supramarginal angular gyri which is responsible for interpretation of spoken and written language.
162
language areas: temporal lobe...
associative cortex which coordinates auditory and visual aspects of language when naming objects of reading
163
occipitotemporal sulcus
groove just inferior to the inferior temporal gyrus,
located on the ventral surface of the temporal lobe
lateral to the collateral sulcus that tuns parallel to it
164
collateral sulcus
divides lingual and parahippocampal gyri from fusiform gyrus.
165
parahippocampal gyrus
a fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system - separated by both collateral sulcus and rhinal sulcus - lies posterior to the uncus.
166
uncus and parahippocampal gyrus
primary olfactory area; bottom of brainstem and is in the temporal lobe
uncus is an anterior extremity of the parahippocampal gyrus
167
what is located within the temporal lobe
hippocampus, with the amygdala right at the front.
168
septum pellucidum
thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles.
169
structure of hippocampus
composed of fornix (arches of the hippocampus) and the fimbria
170
location of the thalamus
diencephalon.
171
fornix
a long projection from the hippocampus that connects to other nuclei in the limbic system
172
crescent shaped hippocampus sits adjacent to the _____. the hippocampus contains fibres of temporal parts called_____ which can thicken. in the midline under the corpus callosum, these fibres are the ______
uncus, fimbria, fornix.
173
insular lobe
found deep beneath the lateral sulcus, associated with memory and interpretation of taste, modulates emotion/self-awareness.
174
occipital lobe is separated from parietal lobe by _____ -____ sulcus and is home to the primary ____ cortex which has the ____ sulcus dividing it.
parietal-occipital; visual; calcarine.
175
the occipital lobe is supplied by the....
posterior cerebral artery.
176
damage to the posterior cerebral artery results in....
cortical blindness due to direct damage to the primary visual cortex.
177
visual association areas of the occipital lobe communicate with primary visual cortex to interpret visual ____ and ____ things we see, except for faces (temporal associative cortex). visual associative area damage (posterior cerebral artery) results in visual _____ or hemianopsia.
stimuli, identify, agnosia
178
dysfunction is posterior cerebral artery results in...
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual loss in half the visual field)
179
cerebral white matter is responsible for communication between...
cerebral areas and between cerebral cortex and lower CNS areas.
180
white matter consists mostly of.....
myelinated axons bundled into large tracts.
181
projections of white matter....
extend vertically from brain to spinal cord within one hemisphere forming the internal capsule.
182
internal capsule
band of projection fibres that runs between basal nuclei and the thalamus.
183
commissural tracts of white matter....
cross from one hemisphere to the other e.g., corpus callosum
184
structure of corpus callosum...
anterior portion contains the rostrum and genu, more medial, lies the body and the splenium makes up the posterior portion of the corpus callosum (temporal and occipital lobe)
185
anterior commissure tracts
bundles of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, more specifically the middle and inferior temporal gyri.
186
association fibres (shortest fibres)
connects lobes and gyri within the hemispheres.
187
diencephalon contains and is associated with...
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus - associated with 3rd ventricle.
188
components of the thalamus
egg-shaped structure which makes up 80% of the diencephalon - forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle.
189
structure of the thalamus..
contains about a dozen nuclei with an intermediate mass lying medially which serves to connect each thalamus together.
190
at the posterior end of the thalamus lies the _____. this is responsible for ____ information. the thalamus allows different structures to connect to different cortical regions but does not have _____ information pass through.
pulvinar, visual, auditory.
191
the hypothalamus is located _____ to the thalamus and is separated by the ______ sulcus. it forms the inferolateral wall of the __ ventricle, extends form the optic _____ and is superior to the brainstem.
below: hypothalamic: third: chiasma.
192
what is an early sign of damage to the hypothalamus?
visual field defects (encroaching on the optic chiasm or optic tract)
193
components of epithalamus
pineal gland and the roof of the third ventricle - contains calcium salts.
194
pineal gland generates..
melatonin.
195
components of the basal ganglia
corpus striatum, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra
196
the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia is composed of...
lentiform and caudate nucleus.
197
lentiform of the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia contains 2 components....
putamen and globus pallidus.
198
caudate nucleus of the corpus striatum has a head, body and tail and wraps around the ______ nucleus. at the tail of the caudate nucleus lies the _____ nucleus.
lentiform; amygdala (limbic system).
199
the posterior limb of the internal capsule fibres runs between
lentiform nucleus and thalamus.
200
the anterior limb of the internal capsule fibres run between
lentiform and caudate nucleus.
201
globus pallidus + putamen nuclei
body component of the lentiform nucleus of the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia whilst the putamen lies more lateral
202
the basal ganglia serves as a tool box for movement. it also serves as a break for the excitatory input provided by the_______ via inhibition of unnecessary movements. the break can be released by input from the cerebral cortex and the ______ _____ to start movement
thalamus; substantia nigra.
203
at rest, the globus pallidus of the lentiform nucleus _______ the thalamus which results in ___ motor activity. to initiate the movement, the cortex activates_____ which inhibits the globus pallidus, releasing thalamus from____ and activating motor cortex (inhibiting the inhibitor = activation)
inhibits; no ; putamen; inhibition.
204
the basal ganglia influence the function of spinal cord motor neurons directly or indirectly?
indirectly.
205
cause of Parkinson's disease
substantia nigra dopamine neuron degeneration.
206
what does the brainstem consist of?
midbrain, pons, medulla.
207
the brainstem provides a pathway for _____ ___ running between forebrain ,cerebellum and ___ ___
axonal tracts: spinal cord
208
components of midbrain
cerebral peduncles, superior and inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, red nucleus, cranial nerves, cerebral aqueduct, and superior cerebellar peduncles.
209
cerebral peduncles include
axons that descend from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord.
210
function of cerebral peduncles?
anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem.
211
what structure does the cerebral aqueduct sit in the middle part of?
cerebral peduncles.
212
superior colliculi (Midbrain) are responsible for
visual reflexes - receive input from the retina/visual cortex and project vision-related areas in the cortex.
213
superior colliculi are concerned with the detection of...
movement of objects in the visual field.
214
superior colliculi relay ___ information to neurons innervating the ___ that control eye movement.
visual; muscles.
215
inferior colliculi (midbrain) are responsible for
auditory reflexes - act in reflexive responses to sound
216
inferior colliculi relay...
auditory information from hearing receptors of the ear to sensory cortex.
217
location of substantia nigra
midbrain - above cerebral peduncle.
218
what pigment does substantia nigra contain?
melanin.
219
what are the two functional components of the substantia nigra of the midbrain?
pars compacta and para reticulate
220
pars compacta of substantia nigra
thin lateral section of the substantia nigra - responsible for dopamine neuronal activity.
221
pars reticulate of the substantia nigra has similar connections to the _____ ____ which surrounds inhibitory input to the ______
globus pallidus; thalamus.
222
location of red nucleus
midbrain - above the substantia nigra.
223
the red nucleus of the midbrain contains
rich blood supply and contains iron pigment.
224
the red nucleus also acts to relay..
descending motor pathways.
225
superior cerebellar peduncle connects...
cerebellum to midbrain - they are the major output fibres from the cerebellum.
226
the superior cerebellar peduncle function?
proprioception.
227
location of pons
middle of brain stem - located in the middle cerebellar peduncle (4th ventricle emerges)
228
the pons are composed of both _____ sensory and _____ motor tracts
ascending and descending.
229
what is the key nuclei within the pons
pneumotaxic centra (respiratory centre).
230
middler cerebellar peduncles connects...
pons to cerebrum - convey motor and sensory command information.
231
components of the medulla?
pyramids, olives, gracile and cuneate tubercles, 4th ventricle and inferior cerebellar peduncle.
232
pyramids of medulla (open medulla) are formed by..
large pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts descending from the motor cortex.
233
pyramid decussation of medulla (closed medulla) are formed by..
axons of pyramidal tracts
234
axons of the pyramidal tracts within the closed medulla _____ over to the _____ side at the level just above the _____ -spinal junction
cross; opposite; medulla
235
olives of the medulla are located in the....
open medulla
236
olives of the medulla contain...
inferior olivary nuclei.
237
functions of the inferior olivary nuclei of the olives of the medulla?
relay sensory information to the cerebellum
238
what are the two tubercles of the medulla? where are they located?
cuneate and gracile tubercles - located in closed medulla.
239
cuneate and gracile tubercles of the medulla receive...
somatosensory information from upper and lower body parts.
240
inferior cerebellar peduncle comprises fibres to and from...
the medulla/spinal cord to cerebellum.
241
the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the medulla carries...
sensory and motor information, important for balance and posture.
242
what are the medulla's role in maintaining body homeostasis?
cardiovascular centre - respiratory centres.
243
the medulla has a functional association with what region in homeostasis maintenance?
hypothalamus sends autonomic commands to medulla to influence smooth muscle and gland function.
244
reticular formation is composed of clusters of _____ ____ scattered throughout midbrain, pons and medulla. it works in governing the arousal of the brain via the ______
gray matter; thalamus.
245
the reticular formation is involved in ______. this is. a process in which the brain learns to ignore repetitive stimuli. it is inhibited by sleep centres in the hypothalamus, _____ by alcohol and injury may result in_____
habituation; depressed; coma.
246
we have 12 pairs of ______ nerves; 10 associated with the _____ and 2 attached to that_____. they are mixed with sensory/____ nerves
cranial; brainstem; forebrain; motor.
247
fibres of the olfactory nerve and optic nerve are associated with what brain region?
forebrain
248
oculomotor nerve and trochlear nerve are associated with what brain region?
midbrain
249
trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve and vestibuolocochlear nerve are associated with what brain region
pons
250
glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve and the hypoglossal nerve are associated with what brain region?
medulla
251
the olfactory nerve is a ____ nerve that runs from the nasal _____, passes through____ plate of ethmoid bone to synapse on the olfactory_____. damage to this nerve causes_____.
sensory; mucosa; cribriform; bulb; anosmia.
252
location of olfactory cortex
medial surface of the temporal lobe, in a region called the uncus.
253
what region is associated with olfactory memory?
hippocampus
254
the optic nerve arises from the _____ fo the eye. each optic nerve passes through its optic____ of the orbit. nerves converge to form the optic ______
retina; foramen; chiasm.
255
anterior fossa bones
cribriform plate (ethmoid bone), frontal bone, lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
256
middle fossa bones
greater wing of sphenoid bone, temporal bone.
257
posterior fossa bones
parietal and occipital bone, hypoglossal canal.
258
the foramen ovale (branch of the trigeminal nerve) is part of what fossa?
middle
259
what type of foramina does the cribriform plate have?
olfactory (nerve)
260
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
between greater and lesser wing on the sphenoid bone, transmits oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. also a branch of ophthalmic CN V1
261
inferior orbital fissure
fissure in the orbit floor between maxilla and greater wing of sphenoid.
262
what does the subdural space separate in the spinal cord?
dura from the periosteum of surrounding bone
263
where do the anterior and posterior nerve roots penetrate the dura a the....
intervertebral foramina.
264
what is separated from the dura by the subdural space (spinal cord)?
arachnoid.
265
spinal cord structure
dura mater - subdural space - arachnoid - subarachnoid space - pia mater.
266
dorsal funiculus
the white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the posterior median sulcus and the dorsal root.
- this are included the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus
- ascending sensory tracts.
267
the lumbar level has the least amount of fibres in the _______ funiculus
dorsal
268
what do you call a region where CSF accumulates due to spaces between the two innermost brain layers
cisterns.
269
oculomotor nerve axons extend from ventral ___ and pass through the superior ____ fissure. it contains both an inferior and _____ branch
midbrain; orbital; superior.
270
oculomotor nerves are _____ axons that play a part in voluntary movement of the ___ via eyelid opening via _____ control and pupil constriction and focussing via the ____ motor axons.
motor; eye; somatic; parasympathetic.
271
trochlear nerve axons emerge from dorsal ____, course ventrally ____ the midbrain and pass through the superior and _____ fissure
midbrain; around; orbital.
272
what is the only cranial nerve that emerges from dorsal brainstem?
trochlear nerve.
273
trochlear nerve are ____ axons and supply ____ axons to the superior oblique muscle. this muscle has a ____ that hooks around a pulley called a ______
motor; somatic; tendon; trochlea.
274
what nerve supplies somatic motor axons that move the eye downward and laterally?
trochlear nerves.
275
damage to what nerve causes double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally
trochlear nerves.
276
trigeminal nerve are 3 fold and are the largest cranial nerve. their axons extend from face to _____ and _____ to muscle. cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in large terminal_____
pons; pons; ganglion.
