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ANAT242 > Module 1 part 2. > Flashcards

Module 1 part 2. Flashcards

1
Q

ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve axons run from face to____ and convey____

A

pons via superior orbital fissure and convey sensory impulses from skin to scalp.

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2
Q

maxillary divisions of trigeminal nerve axons run from face to…. and convey….

A

pons via foramen rotundum and convey sensory impulses from nasal cavity mucosa.

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3
Q

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve axons pass through… and convey….

A

the skull via the foramen ovale and convey sensory impulses from anterior tongue.

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4
Q

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve axons are also a _____ branch which supply muscles of _____

A

motor; mastication

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5
Q

identify the cranial nerve:
- largest mixed cranial nerve, main sensory nerve to face, supply motor axons to muscles of mastication and DAMAGE produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing.

A

trigeminal nerve.

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6
Q

Tic douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia)

A

painful, sudden, spasmodic, involuntary contractions of the facial muscles supplied by the trigeminal nerve (pressure on nerve root).

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7
Q

abducen nerve are ____ axons that leave inferior ____ and pass through superior ____ fissure to eye. they provide ___ movement via ____ of the eyeball

A

motor; pons; orbital; eye; abduction.

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8
Q

facial nerves are ____ axons that emerge from the ____, enter the temporal bone via the internal ___ meatus and run within bone before emerging through _____ foramen which allow a motor branch to muscles of facial ____

A

mixed; pons; acoustic; stylomastoid; expression

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9
Q

what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical.

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10
Q

facial nerves supply motor axons to skeletal muscles of ____, except for ____ muscles which are served by cranial nerve V. they transmit ______ motor impulses to tear glands, nasal and salivary. they also convey _____ impulses from _____ buds of anterior tongue. damage produced _____ facial muscles and disturbed taste (Missing sweet, salty, umami)

A

face, chewing; parasympathetic, sensory; taste; sagging.

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11
Q

Bell’s Palsy…

A

temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve (facial) that cause paralysis only one the affected side of the face.

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12
Q

Vestibulocochlear are _______ axons arising from ______ (cochlea nerves) & equilibrium apparatus within inner ear of ______ bone. it passes through the internal _______ meatus to enter the brainstem and pons-medulla border

A

sensory; hearing; temporal; acoustic.

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13
Q

Damage to vestibulocochelar nerve causes

A

deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance and nystagmus (rapid eye involuntary movement)

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14
Q

Transverse temporal gyrus (inside lateral fissure)

A

primary auditory cortex.

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15
Q

auditory pathway to primary auditory cortex

A

stimulation of inner hair cell - superior olivary nucleus - inferior colliculus - thalamus - transverse temporal gyrus.

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16
Q

unilateral damage to primary auditory cortex =

A

hearing loss

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17
Q

bilateral damage =

A

cortical deafness

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18
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve are _____ nerves who’s axons emerge from the ______ and leave the skull through ______ foramen.

A

mixed; medulla; jugular.

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19
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve supply _____ axons to a _____ muscle, they also provide ________ motor axons to parotid _______ gland

A

motor; pharyngeal; parasympathetic; salivary

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20
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve sensory axons conduct _____ and general sensory impulses form ______ and posterior tongue. it also conducts sensory impulses from ______ in the carotid body and _______ receptors of carotid sinus

A

taste; pharynx; chemoreceptors; pressure.

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21
Q

swallowing, salivation, gagging sensations and control of blood pressure and respiration encapsulate what nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve.

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22
Q

damage to glossopharyngeal nerve results in…..

A

loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing.

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23
Q

the vagus nerve are _____ nerves that emerge from _____ and pass through the skull via _____ foramen, descend through neck region into thorax and ______

A

mixed; medulla; jugular; abdomen.

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24
Q

vagus nerve supply ___ axons to skeletal muscles of pharynx and ______. parasympathetic motor fibres supply heart, ____ and abdomen viscera. it also supplies _____ impulses from thoracic and _____ viscera, transmitting sensory impulses from _______ in the carotid and aortic bodies and _____ receptors of carotid sinus.

A

motor; larynx; lungs; sensory; abdomen; chemoreceptors; pressure.

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25
Q

what is the only cranial nerve extending beyond the head?

A

vagus nerve

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26
Q

majority of vagus nerve axons are _____. vagus nerve provide swallowing and _____ and regulate activity of major viscera. damage to the vagus nerve causes loss of _____, impaired swallowing and digestive mobility

A

parasympathetic; speech; voice.

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27
Q

accessory nerve are _____ axons which arise by a series of roots form ______, exit from skull via ______ canal to tongue - axons emerge between the ______ and the olive

A

motor; medulla; hypoglossal; pyramid

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28
Q

accessory nerve cranial root joins axons of ______ nerve to supply motor axons to _____ /pharynx and soft palate

A

vagus; larynx.

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29
Q

spinal root supplies motor axons to trapezius and therefore provide, head, _____ and shoulder movement

A

neck

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30
Q

hypoglossal nerve are _____ axons which arise by a series of roots from the ____, exit from the skull via ______ canal to tongue - axons emerge between the pyramid and ______

A

motor; medulla; hypoglossal; olive.

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31
Q

hypoglossal nerve supplies ______ motor axons to muscles of ______ which provide tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing. damage causes difficulties in speech and ______

A

somatic; tongue; swallowing.

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32
Q

the cerebellum is located in the….. and below the …….

A

posterior cranial fossa - below the tentorium cerebelli.

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33
Q

the cerebellum consists of cortex, white matter and deep _______. highly orientated towards _____ integration but does not give rise to ______ sensory perceptions.

A

nuclei; sensory; conscious.

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34
Q

the cerebellum is mainly concerned with……

A

synchronised, precise movement, control of muscle tone and balance.

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35
Q

synergistic multi-jointed limb movement refers to what region of the brain and what movement?

A

cerebellum - synchronised precise movement e.g., throwing a ball.

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36
Q

external cerebellum contains posterior and inferior ______ with a _____ (Midline worm structure) that separates the cerebellar hemispheres. within each lobe, there is densely packed grey matter called _____. the fissure in the middle of the midline structure is called the ______ _______ _____ which contains a fold of dura mater called falx ______

A

lobes; vermis; folia; posterior cerebellar incisure; cerebelli.

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37
Q

folia of cerebellum

A
  • cortical ridges
  • most transversely orientated
  • divide the cerebellum into lobes or lobules.
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38
Q

primary fissure of cerebellum

A

separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum in each hemisphere.

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39
Q

the anterior and posterior lobes do what?

A

co-ordinate movement.

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40
Q

what are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior, posterior, floccuolonodular.

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41
Q

floccuolonodular lobe of cerebellum is responsible for what?

A

balance

42
Q

the posterolateral fissure

A

separates the floccuolonodular lobe from the posterior lobe from cerebrum.

43
Q

the floccuolonodular lobe lies inferior to what?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle.

44
Q

lateral zone of cerebellum

A

cerebro-cerebellum

- this is the lateral portions of the anterior and posterior lobes. directly next to paravermal zones.

45
Q

spinocerebellum

A

the uppermost part of the cerebellum, consisting mostly of the vermis and intermediate zone - involved in proprioceptive information and error connections in body movements.

46
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

the lowermost part of the cerebellum, consisting especially of the lateral zone part of each cerebellar hemisphere - involved in movement and learning/ visually guided movements.

47
Q

the cerebrocerebellum receives input from the _____ and cerebral cortex with output tot the _____ and the red nucleus

A

pons; thalamus.

48
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

the middle portion of the cerebellum, between the spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum and consisting of the nodule and the floccuolonodular lobe - involved in controlling balance and ocular reflexes.

49
Q

the vestibulocerebellum receives from the ______ system and sends outputs back to the vestibular ______

A

vestibular; nuclei.

50
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter of cerebellum

51
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei lie…

A

within the white matter.

52
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei contain 4 nuclei….

A

fastigial, globose, emboliform, dentate.

53
Q

fastigial nucleus of the deep nuclei of the cerebellum

A

a deep cerebellar nucleus; involved in the control of movement by the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts - deep cerebellar tracts to which the vermis projects.

54
Q

interposed nuclei (globose + emboliform) of the deep nuclei of the cerebellum

A

a set of deep cerebellar nuclei: involved in the control of the rubrospinal system - associated with the intermediate zone

55
Q

dentate nucleus of the deep nuclei of the cerebellum

A

a deep cerebellar nucleus; involved in the control of rapid skilled movements by the corticospinal and rubrospinal systems - associated with the lateral zone.

56
Q

cerebellar cortex layers

A

molecular layer
cell layer
granule cell layer.

57
Q

molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

A

most superficial

contains unmyelinated axons and dendrites of various cerebellar neurons.

58
Q

purkinje fibres of cerebellar cortex

A

single layer of neurons with dendrites that extend into the molecular layer, axons synapse with deep cerebellar nuclei

59
Q

granule cell layer

A

cells send axons to form parallel fibres in the outermost, or molecular layer.

60
Q

granule cells in cerebellum

A

mossy fibres use these to excite purkinje cells. processes extend into the molecular layer and run as parallel fibres.

61
Q

cerebellar cortex circuitry has two main inputs….

A

mossy fibres, climbing fibres

62
Q

moss fibres axons extend from ….. and convey……

A

spinal cord or brainstem and convey motor and sensory input.

63
Q

mossy fibres form______ synapses with granule neurons in the cerebellar cortex

A

excitatory

64
Q

the granule neurons send their axons as a parallel fibre to form excitatory synapses with the _______ neurons; therefore these neurons have _______ innervation with purkinje fibres.

A

purkinje; indirect.

65
Q

climbing fibres axons extend from …… and convey……

A

inferior olivary nucleus and convey proprioceptive input.

66
Q

climbing axons form _____ synapses directly with ______ fibres (1 climbing axon = 1 purkinje cell)

A

excitatory; purkinje.

67
Q

what is the sole output neuron of the cerebral cortex?

A

purkinje neurons.

68
Q

spinocerebellar circuit (vermal/median zone)

A

fastigial nucleus receives somatosensory information from vermal cerebellar cortex and trunk - input to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
- medial descending tracts which controls posture and axial muscles in trunk.

69
Q

spinocerebellar circuit (intermediate zone)

A

interposed nuclei receive somatosensory information from intermediate cerebellar cortex and limbs

  • input to the red nucleus
  • lateral descending tracts which control accuracy of limb movements.
70
Q

cerebrocerebellar circuit (lateral zone)

A

dentate nucleus receives sensorimotor information from lateral cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex and pons

  • input to the ventrolateral thalamus and red nucleus
  • controls multi-jointed movements of limbs and contributed to motor planning
71
Q

vestibulocerebellar circuit (floccuolonodular lobe)

A

floccuolonodular lobe receives vestibular information from the vestibular system - input to the vestibular nuclei
- controls balance.

72
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

connects medulla to cerebellum - conveys sensory information to cerebellum, from muscle proprioceptors throughout body along with vestibular nuclei of brainstem
- connects both afferent and efferent axons

73
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

information from pons to the cerebellum - contains only afferent axons (crossed axons from contralateral pontine nuclei)

74
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

information from midbrain to the cerebellum - formed by axons that arise from deep cerebellar nuclei (main efferent pathway)
- crossed fibres ascend and either terminate at red nucleus or thalamus.

75
Q

each cerebellar hemisphere exerts its influence primarily on the ______ half of the body

A

ipsilateral

76
Q

cerebellar dysfunction

A

intention tremor
dysmetria
muscle hypotonia -> pendular knee reflex (persistent swinging movement of the limb after eliciting the DTF, >4 swings is abnormal)

77
Q

nystagmus (rhythmic oscillation of the eyes) is associated with dysfunction in what region of the brain?

A

cerebellum

78
Q

general senses

A

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

79
Q

general senses are detected by ____ receptors (nerve endings) and project to the somatosensory cortex (Post-central gyrus of parietal lobe)

A

simple

80
Q

sensory receptors are classified by…..

A

the type of stimulus detected, body location and their structure and complexity.

81
Q

exteroceptors

A

respond to stimuli arising outside the body. receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain and temperature. most special sense for organs.

82
Q

interoceptors

A

monitor visceral organs and functions (chemical changes)

83
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints, that provide information about body position and movement.

84
Q

complex receptors of the special senses

A

special sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste)

85
Q

free nerve endings

A

present dendrites forming small swellings - pain and temperature

  • respond to light touch
    e. g., free nerve endings, tactile disks, hair receptors.
86
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

sensory neuron dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

87
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

proprioceptors that monitor joint position and motion - contributes to conscious proprioception.

88
Q

free nerve ending function

A

detect pain and temperature.

89
Q

tactile disk function

A

respond to light touch

90
Q

tactile hair function

A

respond to light touch

91
Q

pacinian corpuscles.

A

respond to deep pressure and vibration

92
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

light touch

93
Q

Ruffini endings

A

respond to stretch.

94
Q

dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway

A

transmits sensory impulses from general sensory receptors of skin and proprioceptors to opposite side of somatosensory cortex

gracile tracts - carries impulses from lower limb and inferior body trunk

cuneate tracts - transmits afferent impulses from upper limbs, trunk and neck.

95
Q

dorsal column pathway

A

first order neuron synapses in dorsal root ganglion (sensory receptor), second order neuron synapse in medulla (nuclei gracilis and cuneate and decussation)
- heading to the thalamus where third order neuron synapses via medial lemiscus/passes through internal capsule to post-central gyrus.

96
Q

medial lemniscus

A

the somatosensory pathway between the dorsal column nuclei and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.

97
Q

lateral spinothalamic pathway

A

pain and temperature - 1st order neuron synapses in dorsal root ganglion, decussation at spinal cord via 2nd order neuron and synapses in brain stem - 3rd order neuron carries to thalamus where it synapses, 3rd order neuron continues via internal capsule.

98
Q

anterior spinothalamic pathway

A

crude touch and pressure - 1st neuron synapses in dorsal root ganglion where decussation of 2nd order neuron occurs in the spinal cord, synapse onto thalamus where 3rd order neuron continues via internal capsule.

99
Q

spinocerebellar tracts

A

carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum - do not contribute to conscious sensation

100
Q

spinocerebellar pathway

A

no decussation and no 3rd order neuron - ascends via inferior cerebellar peduncle in cerebellum.

ANAT242 (3 decks)

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