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Introduction to Molecular Biochemical Techniques > Module 1 - Basic Biochemistry > Flashcards

Module 1 - Basic Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Life

A

Reproduction

Independent acquisition of material + energy

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2
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

Replication (DNA synthesis)

Transcription (RNA synthesis)

Translation (Protein synthesis)

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3
Q

Heredity

A

Parent organism hands down detailed info specifying the characteristics the offspring will have

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4
Q

What distinguishes life from other processes?

A

Heredity

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5
Q

Heredity info

A

Machinery needed to gather raw materials from the environment to construct a new cell in its own image w/ a new copy of heredity info

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6
Q

What is heredity info comprised of?

A

Comprised in the linear code of DNA

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7
Q

Nucleotide

A

Sugar + phosphate + base

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8
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar + base

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9
Q

Nucleobase

A

A T G C U

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10
Q

Bases in DNA

A

A T G C

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11
Q

Bases in RNA

A

A U G C

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12
Q

Backbone of DNA?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

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13
Q

What type of bond ties the bases together in single strands of DNA?

A

Hydrogen-based

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14
Q

What process creates double-stranded DNA?

A

Templated polymerization

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15
Q

What shape does DNA have?

A

Double helix

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16
Q

What is the process of DNA synthesis called?

A

Replication

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17
Q

What is the process of RNA synthesis called?

A

Transcription

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18
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis called?

A

Translation

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19
Q

What links the sugars to in the backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphate groups

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20
Q

A T G and C are what kind of bases?

A

Nitrogenous

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21
Q

Nucleotides within each strand of DNA are linked by ___ bonds

A

Covalent bonds

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22
Q

A binds to _

A

T

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23
Q

T binds to _

A

A

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24
Q

C binds to _

A

G

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25
Q

G binds to _

A

C

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26
Q

Bases are linked by __ bonds and nucleotides by __ bonds

“Strong” “Weak”

A

Weak, Strong

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27
Q

Transcription

A

a templated polymerization in which segments of the DNA sequence (= represent genes) are used as templates for the synthesis of RNA

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28
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Act as intermediates in the transfer of genetic info

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29
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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30
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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31
Q

True or false: the backbone in DNA and RNA is the same

A

True

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32
Q

Is DNA single-stranded or double-stranded?

A

double-stranded

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33
Q

Is RNA single-stranded or double-stranded?

A

single-stranded?

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34
Q

Advantage of single-strand

A

flexible, can bend back on itself to form weak bonds with another part of the same molecule

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35
Q

Sequence of RNA…

A

determines its shape

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36
Q

Advantage of RNA over DNA

A

mass-produced and disposable

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37
Q

What reads out mRNAs sequence?

A

tRNA

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38
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides that codes for an amino acid

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39
Q

How does tRNA read mRNA sequence?

A

in groups of 3 nucleotides (codons)

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40
Q

What codes for a single amino acid?

A

codon

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41
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

ribosome

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42
Q

What synthesizes proteins?

A

rRNAs

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43
Q

How do rRNAs synthesize new proteins?

A

Latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule, trundles along capturing tRNA molecules and stiching amino acids together

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44
Q

Purpose of DNA

A

contains genetic and herdity info of cells, holding the instructions to make proteins

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45
Q

Purpose of RNA

A

synthesizes proteins by lining up amino acids and binding them

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46
Q

Is the chain of nucleotides in DNA short or long?

A

long

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47
Q

Is the chain of nucleotides in RNA short or long?

A

short

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48
Q

Lifetime of DNA

A

long

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49
Q

Lifetime of RNA

A

short

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50
Q

4 functions of proteins

A

1) maintain structures
2) act as catalysts
3) generate movement
4) sense signals

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51
Q

What forms most of the cell mass following water?

A

Protein

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52
Q

Proteins bind with __ specificity to other molecules

A

high

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53
Q

What are enzymes

A

proteins that mediate chemical reactions?

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54
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

make-or-break covalent bonds

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55
Q

How do enzymes break covalent bonds in polysaccharides?

A

1) Catalytic sites are formed at grooves
2) A polysaccharide molecule binds to it
3) Amino acids lining the groove causes a covalent bond-breaking reaction
4) Polysaccharide is broken

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56
Q

What are the 2 parts of amino acids

A

1) Same core structure
2) A side group giving them a distinctive character

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57
Q

Similarity of proteins to DNA and RNA

A

Carry info in the form of a linear sequence of symbols

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58
Q

What is meant by life being an autocatalytic process?

A

Catalysis of a reaction by one of its products

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59
Q

What does the enveloped nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes (DNA)

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60
Q

Where are ribosomes?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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61
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

the storage and transport of proteins and other biomolecules produced in the endoplasmic reticulum

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62
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

energy production

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63
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

1) action + intermediate filaments
2) microtubules

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64
Q

What is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

A

transport

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65
Q

What kind of bilayer is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipid

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66
Q

Where is the genetic material stored in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

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67
Q

True or false: prokaryotes have no mitochondria

A

true

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68
Q

Ribosomes in prokaryotes are __

A

disperesed

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69
Q

Gene

A

segment of DNA sequence transcribed into an mRNA molecule

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70
Q

Genes code for __

A

proteins

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71
Q

True or false: genes can only be processed in one way to produce 1 version of a protein

A

false

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72
Q

What is the function of regulatory DNA

A

Regulates the expression of individuals genes - the cell adjusts the rate of transcription and translation of different genes independently according to need instead of manufacturing its full repertoire of proteins simultaneously

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73
Q

Genome

A

totality of a cells genetic info embodied in its DNA sequence

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74
Q

2 functions of atp

A

1) building block in DNA + RNA synthesis
2) carrier of free energy needed to drive intracellular chemical reactions

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75
Q

Plasma membrane has a __ membrane

A

selective

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76
Q

3 functions of plasma membrane

A

1) concentrate nutrients gathered from the environment
2) retain products it synthesizes for its own use
3) excrete waste products

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77
Q

Amphiphilic

A

one part hydrophobic, one part hydrophilic

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78
Q

Hydrocarbon is hydro___

A

hydrophobic

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79
Q

Phosphate is hydro___

A

hydrophilic

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80
Q

Phospholipids have __ heads and __ tails

A

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

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81
Q

Oil droplets in water form

A

small-closed vesicles

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82
Q

Membrane transport proteins function

A

1) transport of specific molecules from one side to the other
2) determine which molecules may enter

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83
Q

Actin filaments

A

give structure - grow and disassemble quickly

84
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

give structure - more permanent and essential

85
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of DNA + proteins forming chromosomes

86
Q

What forms chromosomes?

A

Chromatin

87
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Large network of proteins and other molecules that surrond, support cell

88
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

89
Q

Relative atomic mass (atomic weight)

A

Ratio between average mass of an atom to unified atomic mass unit (AMU)

Protons + neutrons of nucleus

90
Q

Protons are __

A

positive

91
Q

Neutrons are __

A

neutral

92
Q

Electrons are __

A

negative

93
Q

Unit of atomic weight

A

Dalton

94
Q

AMU of a carbon-12 atom

A

1/12th

95
Q

Number on the top left of an element

A

atomic number

96
Q

Number on top right of an element

A

atomic mass

97
Q

What are molecules comprised of?

A

atoms

98
Q

Atoms make __ bonds to form molecules

A

strong

99
Q

What 2 bonds do atoms form to make up molecules?

A

covalent and ionic

100
Q

Through what bonds to molecules interact with each other?

A

non-covalent

101
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons

102
Q

H2O is an example of a ___ bond

A

covalent

103
Q

Electronegativity

A

tendency of atomic nuclei to attract electrons

104
Q

Non-covalent bond

A
105
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom made up of?

A

protons and neutrons

106
Q

Isotope

A

members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons e.g. radioactive isotopes - carbon-14 and hydrogen-3

107
Q

Ion

A

atom or molecule with a net electric charge

108
Q

Net electric charge

A

equal numbers of protons to electrons

109
Q

What charge do ions have?

A

net electric charge

110
Q

How are ions formed?

A

loss or gain of 1 or more electrons

111
Q

Example of an ion?

A

sodium

112
Q

Elements in the periodic table are ordered by __

A

atomic number

113
Q

elements in the same vertical column ..

A

show similar properties

114
Q

Single covalent bond

A

1 electron from each of the 2 atoms is shared

115
Q

Double covalent bond

A

a total of 4 electrons are shard between 2 atoms

116
Q

Atoms joined by 2 or more covalent bonds can or cannot rotate freely around the bond axis?

A

can

117
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

asymmetrical molecules that interact with ions or other polar molecules at the sites of opposite charge

118
Q

Non-polar

A

symmetrical molecules with no unshared electrons

119
Q

Ionic bond

A

transferring an electron -> one that gave it is now (+) charged and the one that received is (-) charged

120
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

H atom is sandwiched between 2 electron-attracting atoms (e.g. O)

121
Q

Hydrogen bonds have __ the strength of covalent bonds

A

1/20th

122
Q

amino acids are held together by

A

peptide - covalnt bonds

123
Q

van der Waals attraction

A

when 2 masses are close together they tend to attract one another but if too close or too far they repel

124
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

water forces hydrophobic molecules together because doing so minimizes their disruptive effects on the hydrogen-bonded water network

125
Q

Electrostatic interactions

A

interactions between ions and polar molecules or between 2 polar molecules

126
Q

Acids

A

release hydrogen ions into a solution - more FREE hydrogens

127
Q

Carboxyl group (-COOH) is an example of a ___

A

weak acid

128
Q

Bases

A

substances that reduce the number of H ions in a solution - less FREE hydrogens

129
Q

What are the 2 ways bases reduce H ions in a solution?

A

1) combining directly with H ions
2) indirectly by making OH- ions and then combining directly with H ions

130
Q

Many bases/acids are only partially dissociated in the cell making them

A

weak

131
Q

pH

A

acidity of a solution - defined by the concentration of H ions

132
Q

Hydrophilic molecules

A

substances composed of ions or polar molecules that attract water molecules through electrical charge effects

133
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

uncharged molecules with few or no hydrogen bonds and many non-polar bonds

134
Q

Solute

A

dissolved substance

135
Q

Solvent

A

substance that dissolves

136
Q

Solute + solvent

A

solution

137
Q

Hydrocarbons are comprised of …

A

carbon skeletons

138
Q

Carbon skeletons in hydrocarbons can take on 3 shapes…

A

1) chain
2) branched trees
3) rings

139
Q

Resonance

A

double bonds on alternate carbon atoms cause the bonding electrons to move within the molecule, stabilising the structure

140
Q

Alternating double bonds in a ring can generate

A

stable structure

141
Q

Carbon chains absorb

A

visible light

142
Q

carbon rings absorb

A

UV light

143
Q

Methyl group

A

H2C

144
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

-OH

145
Q

Carbonyl

A

C double bonded to O

146
Q

Hydroxyl groups found in

A

alcohol

147
Q

Carbonyl group found in

A

aldehyde and ketone

148
Q

Carboxylic aci

A

-COOH

149
Q

Esters

A

C3O2 + H2O

150
Q

Esters are formed by combining…

A

alcohol and acid

151
Q

Unsaturated fatty aicds have double bonds

A

true

152
Q

Double bond makes the chain

A

rigid and creates a kink - chain is free to rotate around the other C-C bonds

153
Q

Triacylglycerols/triglycerides

A

fatty acids are stored as an energy reserve through an ester linkage to glycerol to form these

154
Q

Trioses monosaccharides have __ carbons

A

3

155
Q

Pentoses monosaccharides have __ carbons

A

5

156
Q

Hexoses monosaccharides have __ carbons

A

6

157
Q

Aldoses monosaccharides have a __ group

A

aldehyde (CHO - O double bonded to C)

158
Q

Ketoses monosaccharides have a __ group

A

C and O double bonded

159
Q

Glucose is an example of a

A

Hexoses aldoses

160
Q

Ribose is an example of a

A

Pentoses aldoses

161
Q

Fructose is an example of a

A

Hexoses ketoses

162
Q

Number of avogrado

A

1 mole of a substance (6x10^23)

163
Q

Molecular mass/weight

A

mass of 1 mole of a molecule (gram/mole)

164
Q

Molarity

A

number of moles per volume (M = 1 mole/litre)

165
Q

Law of lambert beer

A

Transmittance (T) = measured light intensity / initial light intensity

166
Q

Absorbance …

A

-log T or the wave-length dependent absorption coefficient x path length x analyte concentration

167
Q

Absorbance is proportional to

A

substance concentration

168
Q

Are hydrocarbons polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar (neutral)

169
Q

Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

170
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

short chains of repeating sugar subunits

171
Q

Polysaccharides

A

long chains of repeating sugar subunits

172
Q

Good transmittance means __ absorption

A

bad

173
Q

Good absorption means __ transmittance

A

bad

174
Q

Nucleus of an atom is __ charged

A

positively

175
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by

A

a cloud of negatively hcarged electrons

176
Q

Are electrons big or small?

A

small

177
Q

Are protons big or small?

A

big

178
Q

First orbit of an atom can only contain _ electrons to keep it stable

A

2

179
Q

The second orbit of an atom can only contain _ electrons to keep it stable

A

4

180
Q

The third orbit of an atom can only contain _ electrons to keep it stable

A

8

181
Q

What determines how stable an atom is?

A

Number of electrons on the last orbit

182
Q

Saccharides consist of a __, __ and __

A

a carbon skeleton, hydroxyl group and an oxygen group on the end

183
Q

Acid dissociation constant: Ka

A

= amount of H atoms that are being released * amount of molecules that has released it divided by the combined molecule by itself

184
Q

If the Ka is higher

A

the equilibrium is going to the right à more strong acid, it tends to give away more H atoms

185
Q

If the Ka is lower

A

the equilibrium is going to the left à it won’t be easy to give away a H atom; it is not a strong acid or it is not an acid at all

186
Q

Function of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)?

A

osmolarity and ion concentration match those of the human body making it non-toxic to most cells.

187
Q

PBS is a __ based solution

A

water

188
Q

PBS is isotonic meaning

A

it has the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or body fluid

189
Q

Advantage of PBS being isotonic

A

Prevents cells rupturing or shriveling up due to osmosis when being examined – this property makes it useful in substance dilution, separating cells (w/ EDTA) and cell container rinising

190
Q

How does PBS resist change following the addition of an acid or base?

A

Neutralizes small amounts of the added acid or base helping to maintain the pH of the solution relatively stable

191
Q

How to calculate amount of compound needed

A

[Concentration needed (mM/for volume needed) x volume of buffer (L)] x molecular weight (Mw)

192
Q

Purpose of magnetic stirrer

A

Dissolve compounds

193
Q

Why do we use ionized water?

A

its the purest

194
Q

What is PBS comprised of?

A

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Potassium Chloride (KCI)
Sodium Hydrogen
Phosphate (Na2HPO4)
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KH2PO4)

195
Q

How do you calibrate the pH meter?

A

Place electrode into an acidic and basic solution (rinising with distilled water in between)

196
Q

What do you add to make a solution more basic?

A

Sodium hydroxide

197
Q

What do you add to make a solution more acidic?

A

Hydrochloric acid

198
Q

Optimal wavelength for Eosin Dilution Series

A

490 nanometers

199
Q

Standard curve y-axis

A

absorbance

200
Q

Unit of absorbance

A

nanometers

201
Q

Standard curve of x-axis

A

concentration

202
Q

Unit of concentration on standard curve

A

%

203
Q

How to calculate concentration of unknown solution

A

sub into x of standard curve formula

204
Q

Coefficient of variation of concentration

A

variation of absorbance values of that concentration

205
Q

Formula for coefficient of variation of concentration

A

%CV = (SD/mean)x100

206
Q

pH of PBS

A

7.4

Introduction to Molecular Biochemical Techniques (4 decks)

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