Module 1 (Bone and Biomechanics) Overview

Question 1

Tissue Types

Answer 1

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 2

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Answer 2

Epithelia
Glands (exocrine and endocrine)

Question 3

Types of Connective Tissue

Answer 3

Connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
Fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph)
Supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone)

Question 4

Connective tissue fibres

Answer 4

Collagen

Elastin

Question 5

Nervous tissue cells

Answer 5

Neurons

Glia

Question 6

Types of muscle tissues

Answer 6

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Question 7

Muscle tension depends on:

Answer 7

Recruitment

Frequency of stimulation

Question 8

Muscle fibers

Answer 8

Fast twitch fibres

Slow twitch fibres

Question 9

Muscle form depends on:

Answer 9

Length of muscle fibres
Number of muscle fibres
Arrangement of muscle fibres

Question 10

Muscle contraction

Answer 10

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

Question 11

Muscle roles

Answer 11

Agonist
Antagonist
Stabiliser
Neutraliser

Question 12

Lever components

Answer 12

Fulcrum (joint)
Applied Force (muscle)
Load (internal or external weight)

1st class lever: L, F, AF
2nd class lever: F, L, AF
3rd class lever: F, AF, L

Question 13

Bone structures

Answer 13

Compact

Cancellous

Question 14

Bone composition

Answer 14

2% Cellular
(osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts)

98% Extracellular
(33% Organic: collagen and ground substances)
(67% Inorganic: hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals)

Question 15

Bone classes

Answer 15

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Question 16

Division’s of the skeleton

Answer 16

Axial

Appendicular

Question 17

Girdles

Answer 17

Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle

Question 18

Joint composition

Answer 18

Cartilage
(hyaline/articular and fibrocartilage)

Associated structures
(ligaments and tendons)

Question 19

Joint types

Answer 19

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 20

Synovial Joints

Answer 20

Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Ellipsoid
Condylar
Plane
Ball and Socket

Question 21

Synovial joint classes

Answer 21

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

Question 22

Synovial joint components

Answer 22

Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Ligaments
Synovial fluid

Question 23

Synovial Joint (Knee) Ligaments

Answer 23

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Material collateral ligament (MCL)
= side of joint restricting sagittal movement

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
= inside of joint restricting coronal movement

Question 24

Gradients

Answer 24

Chemical

Electrical

Question 25

Tonicity

Answer 25

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

Question 26

Muscle Components

Answer 26

Myofilaments (actin and myosin)
Sarcomere
Myofibril
Fiber
Fascicle
Muscle
\+ Sarcolemma
\+ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
\+ Transverse Tubules

Question 27

Excitation proteins

Answer 27

DHPR
RyR
SERCA

Question 28

Upper Limb Muscles

Answer 28

Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Deltoid

Question 29

Lower Limb Muscles

Answer 29

Iliopsoas = Iliacus and Psoas major

Gluteus Maximus

Quadriceps femorous = rectus femorous, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

Hamstring = biceps femoris, semi-membranosous, semi-tendinous

Tibialis anterior

Triceps surae = gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 30

Gait Cycle

Answer 30

Stance

• early stance
• mid stance
• late stance

Swing

• early swing
• mid swing
• late swing