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a level biology > module 1 - cells > Flashcards

module 1 - cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of cells ?

A

prokaryotic
eukaryotic

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2
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell ?

A
  • a cell which doesn’t have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
  • has smaller ribosomes
  • genetic material is loose in cell
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3
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell ?

A
  • has a distinct nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • has bigger ribosomes
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4
Q

what 3 organelles are found in plant not animal cells ?

A

permanent vacuole
cell wall
chloroplasts

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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus ?

A

responsible for managing the cells genetic material
controls cell activity

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6
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus ?

A

where ribosomal rna is formed
where ribosome subunits are assembled

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7
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria ?

A

to produce energy through respiration

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8
Q

what is the function of the vesicles ?

A

have storage and transport roles:
transport materials inside the cell

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9
Q

what are the function of lysosomes ?

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes responsible for breaking down waste materials

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10
Q

what are lysosomes specialised forms of ?

A

vesicles

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11
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

has ribosomes bound to the surface
responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins
maintains different conditions from cell cytoplasm
separates synthesized proteins from cell cytoplasm
holds ribosomes in place

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12
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

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13
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes ?

A

the site of protein synthesis

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14
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus ?

A

modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles

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15
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton ?

A

network of fibres necessary for the shape and stability of the cell

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16
Q

what is the centriole, how is it structured ?

A
  • part of cytoskeleton
  • composed of microtubules
  • 2 associated centrioles form the centrosome
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17
Q

what is the function of the centrioles ?

A

involved in the assembly and organisation of spindle fibres in cell division

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18
Q

what is the function of the flagella ?

A

helps an organism in movement
sometimes used to detect changes in the environment

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of cilia ?

A

stationary
mobile

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20
Q

what is the function of stationary cilia ?

A

used for sensory organs

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21
Q

what is the function of mobile cilia ?

A

causes liquids/objects in the cell to move

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22
Q

what is the function of the vacuole ?

A

contains cell sap
helps with maintenance of turgor so contents of cell push against cell wall - causing the cell to stay rigid

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23
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts ?

A

responsible for photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll

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24
Q

what cell organelles are only found in prokaryotic cells ?

A

nucleoid
plasmid
pili
capsule
extrachromosomal circular dna

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25
what cell organelles are only found in eukaryotic cells ?
nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts golgi rough er smooth er
26
what cell organelles are found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?
ribosomes flagella cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm
27
what are the 3 types of microscope ?
light scanning electron microscope transmission electron microscope
28
give features of electron microscopes ?
- large - not portable - vacuum needed - complicated sample prep - over 500 000 magnification - resolution 0.5 nm - specimens are dead - short wavelength - small cell organelles are visible
29
what is the magnification of an electron microscope ?
over 500 000
30
what is the resolution of the electron microscope ?
0.5 nm
31
give properties of the light microscope ?
small easy to carry no vacuum needed easy sample prep up to 2000 magnification 200 nm resolution specimens living or dead
32
what is the magnification of a light microscope ?
x2000
33
what is the resolution of a light microscope ?
0.5 nm
34
give a disadvantage of the preparation process in electron microscopes ?
- time consuming
35
what is magnification ?
how many times bigger an image appears than it actually is in real life
36
what is resolution ?
the ability to distinguish 2 objects which are very close together
37
mm - mcm - nm convertion
mm x1000 mcm x1000 nm
38
how do you calculate magnification ?
image size / actual size
39
give properties of a scanning electron microscope ?
3 d image produced high magnification high resolution black and white
40
give properties of a transmission electron microscope ?
high magnification high resolution 2 d image produced black and white
41
give properties of a light microscope ?
colour low magnification low resolution 2 d image specimens - living or dead
42
what is a plasma membrane ?
all the membrane of cells
43
what is the function of the cell wall ?
strong flexible layer which surrounds some cell types
44
what is the function of a nuclear membrane ?
double layered membrane which encloses nucleus
45
what is a chromosome ?
structured of condensed dna in the form of chromatin
46
what is chromatin ?
uncondensed dna in a complex of histones
47
what is a microtubule ?
part of cytoskeleton, used for cell shape, cell movement, and cell division (mitosis)
48
what is a microfilament ?
solid strands made of protein actin, causes some cell movement
49
what is spindle apparatus ?
part of cytoskeleton, structure which separates sister chromatias during cell division
50
what is undulipodium ?
used for locomotion, moving fluids
51
what is a microscope ?
a tool used to magnify small objects
52
what is plasmodesma ?
microscopic channels which connect walls of plant cells and some algae cells to transport materials and for communication
53
do a flow chart showing how proteins are transported around a cell
- gene coding for protein transcribed into messenger RNA in nucleus - Mrna leaves through nuclear pores - goes to rough ER - ribosomes on rough ER translate mRNA and assemble protein molecules - pass to cisternae of RER - vesicles containing protein are pinched off RER - travels to golgi apparatus - protein is packaged and processed - modified protein molecules bud off golgi apparatus in vesicles - vesicles fuse with plasma membrane - exocytosis - plasma membrane opens to release protein molecules outside
54
what is the function of the cytoskeleton ?
- network of fibres present in cell - holds organelles in place - controls movement of cells and organelles
55
what makes up the cytoskeleton ?
microtubules actin filaments intermediate filaments
56
what is the structure of microtubules ?
- globular tubulin proteins polymerase to form tubes which form a scaffold like structure
57
what is the function of microtubules ?
- determines shape of cell - acts as tracks for the movement of organelles e.g vesicles - forms spindle fibres
58
what are actin filaments ?
contractile fibres formed from the protein actin
59
what is the function of actin filaments ?
- responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokenisis
60
what are intermediate filaments ?
- fibres which give mechanical strength to cells to help maintain their integrity
61
what are dry mounts used for ?
- solid specimens - hair, pollen dust, muscle tissue, plant tissue
62
how are dry mounts used ?
thin slices called sectioning coverslip is placed on top of
63
what are wet mounts used for ?
wet specimens aquatic samples, other living organisms
64
how are wet mounts made ?
suspended in water or immersion oil coverslip is placed at angle
65
what are squash slides used for ?
soft specimens root cells to look at cell division
66
how are squash cells used ?
wet mount squashed between slide and coverslip
67
what are smear slides used for ?
body fluid specimens blood smears
68
how are smear slides made ?
edge of slide is used to smear the sample creating a thin even coating a coverslip is placed on top of the
69
what are stains used for ?
creating visibility so you can see the internal structure of a specimen clearly
70
what is contrast ?
increased with a stain between the cell and environment or between cell organelles
71
what is sectioning ?
cutting a specimen into thin slices
72
how is a tem used
- thin specimen placed in vacuum - electron gun produces a beam of electrons which pass through the specimen
73
in a tem how are darker parts of the 2-D image formed
- it is the parts of the specimen that have absorbed more electrons
74
how are the images in electron microscopes formed
by electromagnets
75
why is the electromagnet stored in a vacuum for microscopy
electrons are absorbed by air
76
how to sems work
the electrons bounce of the specimen in different directions depending on the contours of the specimen producing a 3-D image
77
capsule
prevents bacteria from drying out - slimy layer made of protein
78
how can microtubules be prevented
- respiratory inhibitor
79
microtubules - function
- involved in moving chromosomes to the equator to the poles of the cell during mitosis
80
ribosomes - structure
- not membrane bound - made of rrna - made of protein
81
structure onion root cells -
contain mitochondria have cellulose cell walls
82
83
what shouldn’t you do in microscope drawings
- shade - use a blunt pencil - not include a title - not include a scale bar - make arrow heads cross - add arrow heads
84
how does the mitochondria in the goblet cells help it to carry out its function
- provides lots of ATP - modifies packages proteins - secretion of mucus
85
means of cell division - yeast
- budding
86
Differential staining
involves many chemical stains being used to stain different part of the cell in different colours
87
Crystal violet / Methylene blue
- Positively charged - Attracted to negatively charged materials
88
Nigrosin/Congo red
- Negatively charged - Can't enter cells as cytosol repels them - Creates an unstained background so unstained cells stand out
89
Laser scanning confocal microscope
- fluorescent microscope - Image created by high light intensity, illuminating specimen stained with fluorescent dye - gives high resolution and depth selectivity
90
confocal microscopes benefits
- scientists can view sections of tiny structures which would be challenging to physically section off, e.g embryos and create a 3-D image
91
how is an image produced in a confocal microscope
- microscope scans specimen point by point using a focused laser beam to produce a 2-D / 3-D image, depending on focal planes used
92
fluorescence
caused when light is emitted from specimen in confocal microscope

a level biology (21 decks)

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