MODULE 1: Chapter 1.2 Flashcards

Question

What type of bond links fatty acids to glycerol in triacylglycerols?

Answer 1

Ester bond ## Footnote Triacylglycerols consist of three fatty acid esters covalently linked to glycerol.

Answer 2

Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids ## Footnote Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds, while polyunsaturated fatty acids contain multiple double bonds.

Answer 3

Phospholipids ## Footnote Phospholipids consist of a simple organic molecule, a phosphoryl group, and two fatty acids.

Answer 4

Chitin ## Footnote Chitin consists of N-acetylglucosamine units linked by β(14) glycosidic bonds.

Answer 5

Nucleic acids and proteins ## Footnote Nucleic acids consist of linked nucleotides, while proteins consist of linked amino acids.

Answer 6

Distinct 5′-phosphoryl and 3′-hydroxyl groups ## Footnote This polarity allows for the storage of information in the sequential arrangement of nucleotides.

Answer 7

2.56 × 10^10 ## Footnote The theoretical number of octamer sequences is much larger than the actual number encountered biologically.

Answer 8

Peptide bond ## Footnote Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that link amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Answer 9

Structural differences that require different enzymes for hydrolysis ## Footnote Humans can digest amylose with α(14) bonds but lack the enzyme to digest cellulose with β(14) bonds.

Answer 10

Linked biochemical reactions necessary for life-sustaining processes ## Footnote Metabolic pathways consist of reactants and products that are interdependent and regulated.

Answer 11

ATP provides energy for the assembly of macromolecules ## Footnote High ATP levels favor synthesis, while low ATP levels favor degradation.

Answer 12

Anabolic and catabolic pathways ## Footnote Anabolic pathways synthesize macromolecules, while catabolic pathways break them down.

Answer 13

A discipline that describes complex chemical reaction networks in cells ## Footnote It uses mathematical models to reflect metabolic flux in response to conditions.

Answer 14

The conversion of citrulline and aspartate to arginine and fumarate ## Footnote Argininosuccinate serves as both a product and reactant in this pathway.

Answer 15

The product of the first reaction and the reactant for the second reaction in the urea cycle. ## Footnote Argininosuccinate is formed from citrulline and aspartate.

Answer 16

Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinase. ## Footnote These enzymes facilitate the reactions in the urea cycle.

Answer 17

* Linear pathways * Forked pathways * Cyclic pathways ## Footnote Each type has distinct characteristics regarding product formation and reactant usage.

Answer 18

To drive reactions toward product formation, often making them essentially irreversible. ## Footnote ATP hydrolysis provides the energy necessary for many biochemical reactions.

Answer 19

Eukaryotic cells are about 10–100 times larger than most bacteria. ## Footnote Prokaryotic cells are typically around 1 µm in diameter.

Answer 20

Eukaryotic DNA packaged with proteins, forming a structure contained within the nucleus. ## Footnote Chromatin plays a key role in gene regulation and DNA packaging.

Answer 21

Responsible for many metabolic reactions involved in energy conversion and production of ATP. ## Footnote Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Answer 22

Convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. ## Footnote This process is vital for plant energy production and growth.

Answer 23

The theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from large predatory cells engulfing aerobic bacteria, which became mitochondria. ## Footnote This theory explains the origin of complex cells and their organelles.

Answer 24

The process by which cells communicate with one another in response to environmental changes using ligands and receptors. ## Footnote This process is crucial for coordinating cellular responses in multicellular organisms.

Answer 25

Ligands bind to receptors, causing conformational changes that affect intracellular activity. ## Footnote Common ligands include metabolites and hormones.

Answer 26

False. ## Footnote Animal cells lack a rigid cell wall, allowing for shape alteration.

Answer 27

To transport biomolecules, including signaling molecules and metabolic fuels, throughout the organism. ## Footnote This system is vital for maintaining homeostasis and supporting metabolic processes.

Answer 28

nucleolus ## Footnote The nucleolus is a substructure within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 29

Circular DNA molecules in bacteria that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. ## Footnote Plasmids often encode genes for antibiotic resistance.

Answer 30

Cytoskeleton ## Footnote The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support.

Answer 31

* Lysosomes * Peroxisomes ## Footnote These organelles play critical roles in cellular waste management.

Answer 32

About 1 µm (10−6 meter). ## Footnote This small size allows for efficient nutrient uptake and metabolic processes.

Answer 33

Oxygen ## Footnote Oxygen is essential for aerobic cellular respiration, where it helps convert glucose into energy while producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Answer 34

Mechanisms that coordinate cellular responses within tissues ## Footnote These pathways often involve the binding of ligands to receptors, initiating cellular responses.

Answer 35

Complex interactions among organisms within ecosystems ## Footnote These interactions can have beneficial or detrimental effects on local or global ecosystems.

Answer 36

Biochemical imbalance and oxygen depletion ## Footnote This can result in massive fish kills, particularly in warm water with minimal circulation.

Answer 37

Increased nutrient levels, optimal water temperatures, and sunlight exposure ## Footnote These changes can occur naturally or from industrial discharges of nitrogen or phosphates.

Answer 38

A biomolecule containing carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen ## Footnote It serves as a primary energy source and is involved in various metabolic pathways.

Answer 39

Cellulose, a polymer of glucose ## Footnote Glucose can also be stored in the form of starch in plants and glycogen in animals.

Answer 40

An organic compound essential to living organisms ## Footnote Major types include amino acids, nucleotides, simple sugars, and fatty acids.

Answer 41

An organic polymer with high molecular mass ## Footnote Examples include proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.

Answer 42

Sequences of biochemical reactions coordinated by a cell ## Footnote These pathways respond to available energy and other cellular signals.

Answer 43

A geographic community where organisms share resources in a linked system ## Footnote This includes energy flows and nutrient cycles among different organisms.

Answer 44

Building blocks for proteins and precursors to nitrogen-containing biomolecules ## Footnote They play critical roles in various biological processes.

Answer 45

A polymer of amino acids ## Footnote Proteins are essential for numerous cellular functions and structures.

Answer 46

An organic molecule consisting of a base, sugar, and phosphate groups ## Footnote Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Answer 47

A polymeric macromolecule encoding inheritable genetic information ## Footnote DNA consists of nucleotides linked through phosphodiester bonds.

Answer 48

True ## Footnote Ribosomes are large RNA-protein complexes that facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins.

Answer 49

Responsible for energy conversion and ATP production ## Footnote Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Answer 50

Eukaryotic cells evolved from engulfed aerobic bacteria ## Footnote This theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from symbiotic relationships.

Answer 51

Lipids containing a phosphate group and two fatty acids ## Footnote Phospholipids are key components of cell membranes.

Answer 52

Facilitates protein translocation and secretion ## Footnote It modifies proteins and prepares them for their final destinations.

Answer 53

A membrane-bound organelle that stores metabolites ## Footnote Vacuoles also isolate harmful molecules in plant cells.

Answer 54

[ligand] ## Footnote Ligands influence the structure and function of proteins to control biochemical processes.

MODULE 1: Chapter 1.2 Flashcards

(78 cards)