Module 1 eye exam 2

Question 1

exophthalmos

Answer 1

protuberance of one or both eyes

- also called proptosis (the forward movement)

Question 2

how to check for exophthalmos

Answer 2

pt lift chin up while provider looks from below

Question 3

visual field defects can be r/t

Answer 3

they eye
optic nerve
optic radiations
visual cortex

Question 4

Confrontation

Answer 4

visual field testing

• pt has one eye covered
• look at examiners nose
• examiner presents fingers in each quadrant of vision

Question 5

Periorbital structures

Answer 5

eye lids
eyelashes
lacrimal system

Question 6

eyelids

Answer 6

contain oil-secreting glands to maintain the tear film

Question 7

eye lashes

Answer 7

protect the eye from debris

- lash loss: associated with chronic inflammation or neoplastic process

Question 8

poliosis

Answer 8

whitening of lashes

Question 9

madarosis

Answer 9

loss of lashes

Question 10

puntum

Answer 10

opening of the canalicular drainage system, medial aspect of eyelid

Question 11

ectropion

Answer 11

turning outward of eyelids

Question 12

entropion

Answer 12

turning inward of eyelids

Question 13

lagophthalmos

Answer 13

lack of eyelid closure

Question 14

sclera

Answer 14

firm outer wall of the globe

• dense connective tissue
• white appearance

Question 15

icterus

Answer 15

when sclera has a yellow hue

- often with jaundice

Question 16

thin blue sclera

Answer 16

osteogenesis imperfecta

local inflammation

Question 17

injection

Answer 17

presence of prominent vessels with redness on conjunctiva

- indicative of inflammation

Question 18

conjunctiva 2 parts

Answer 18

bulbar: overlies sclera
palpebral: lining the eye lids

Question 19

subconjuctival hemorrage

Answer 19

after trauma or valsalva maneuvers

• conjuctival vessels compromised and bleed
• blood trapped between sclera and conjunctiva
• > deep confluent red appearance
• no ophthalmic problems, resolves within 2 weeks

Question 20

chemosis

Answer 20

clear balloon-like swelling of the conjunctiva 
- allergies
- mechanical ventilators
- trauma
- local inflammation 
Severe: can prevent closure of lids

Question 21

cornea

Answer 21

curved structure compusedof collagen fibers precisely arranged to achieve optical clarity
- best evaluated with fluorescein dye

Question 22

clarity of cornea

Answer 22

focal white plaque: infection

edema: decomposition of corneal function or elevated pressure

Question 23

anterior chamber

Answer 23

space between the iris and cornea

• filled with aqueous humor
• should be deep and clear space

Question 24

open globe injury

Answer 24

shallow anterior chamber

• violation of the globe
• emergency
• sometimes assoc. with expulsion of intraocular tissue or peaked pupil

Question 25

hyphema

Answer 25

layering of blood in the anterior chamber

Question 26

hypopyon

Answer 26

inflammatory debris in the anterior chamber

Question 27

iris

Answer 27

pigmented structure that forms the posterior aspect of the anterior chamber - acts as a shutter for the eye, controlling amount of light through the pupil

Question 28

inconsistency in color of iris

Answer 28

``` nevi neoplasma hamartomas genetic abnormalities inflammatory nodules ```

Question 29

iris neovascularization

Answer 29

ocular ischemia - proliferative diabetic retinopathy - central retinal vein occlusion

Question 30

crystalline lens

Answer 30

transparent, biconcave structure aligned at the center of pupil - refracts light to achieve fine focus on retina - can be assessed with a pen light, though best with dilated pupil

Question 31

cataractous changes assessed

Answer 31

use of a direct ophthalmoscope to observe irregular red flex

Question 32

posterior segment composed of

Answer 32

vitreous retina optic nerve - can be assessed with a direct ophthalmoscope in a dark room with examiner at same ht as pt

Question 33

vitreous humor

Answer 33

gelatinous material that fills posterior segment and attaches to the retina - should be optically clear

Question 34

vitreous humor and aging

Answer 34

degenerative changes | - eventually detaches from the retinal causing floaters

Question 35

optic disk

Answer 35

coalescence of the retinal nerve fiber layer as it leaves the globe to form the optic nerve - slightly oval pink-yellow disc with a small white depression at its center (optic cup) - should appear flat with distinct margins