Module 1: Hydrocarbons Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
organic
A
carbon & its compounds
2
Q
what elements can be included in organic compounds?
A
oxygen, hydrogen, sulpher, nitrogren
3
Q
the building blocks of life
A
carbon
4
Q
hydrocarbons
A
hydrogens and carbons
5
Q
saturated
A
full of hydrogens
6
Q
what bonds do saturated molecules have?
A
only single bonds
7
Q
alkane
A
a fully saturated single bond hydrocarbon
8
Q
simplest alkane
A
methane (CH4)
9
Q
Isomer
A
same formula, different structure
10
Q
isomers have (same/different) properties as original molecule?
A
different properties
11
Q
the more ______ an alkane is the more _______ packed it is
A
complex; densely
12
Q
prefix: 1 C atom
A
meth
13
Q
prefix: 2 C atoms
A
eth
14
Q
prefix: 3 C atoms
A
prop
15
Q
prefix: 4 C atoms
A
but
16
Q
prefix: 5 C atoms
A
pent
17
Q
prefix: 6 C atoms
A
hex
18
Q
prefix: 7 C atoms
A
hept
19
Q
prefix: 8 C atoms
A
oct
20
Q
prefix: 9 C atoms
A
non
21
Q
prefix: 10 C atoms
A
dec
22
Q
alkanes are named after the _____ structure in the molecule
A
longest
23
Q
what is the suffix ‘yl’ for?
A
a C attachment (sub) to the main chain
24
Q
how should numbering carbons be ordered?
A
so the sub groups are lower #s
25
what are the 3 main reactions of alkanes?
1) combustion - 02 + heat
2) halogenation - replace h with halogen
3) dehydrogenation - bye h2o
26
what is combustion?
reaction with oxygen and heat
27
what is halogenation?
a reaction that replaces hydrogens with halogens
28
what is dehydrogenation?
a reaction that removes h2o
29
which reaction forces alkanes into a double bond?
dehydrogenation (removes h atoms to force double bond)
30
how many bonds can hydrogen form?
one
31
how many bonds can carbon form?
4
32
the origin of the word 'organic'
thought organic compounds came from living organisms
33
organic compounds have (low/high) melting points
low
34
organic compounds have (low/high) boiling points
low
35
organic compounds are (less/more) dense than h2o
less dense
36
what molecules are easily combustible?
organic compounds
37
what is a space filling model?
3D spheres
38
what is ball and stick model?
balls and sticks in 3d
39
what is wedge dash model
```
wedge= toward you in 3d
dash= away from you in 3d
```
40
what is expanded structural formula?
all atoms and bonds are shown in 2d
h
h-c -h
h
41
what is condensed structural formula
shows C atoms grouped with # of H on each atom in 2d
CH4
42
___% of chemical compounds are organic
90%
43
what is the reason for organic compounds having long stable chains?
covalent bonds between C atoms are strong
44
what is a common use for alkanes?
fuels (gas and liquid)
45
what does IUPAC stand for?
international union of pure and applied chemistry
46
what is line angle formula?
zig zag lines that represent C at each line point
47
what are cycloalkanes?
hydrocarbons w ring structures
48
how many fewer H do cycloalkanes have than straight chain alkanes?
2 fewer H atoms
49
how are cycloalkanes named?
prefix: cyclo before alkane name
50
what is a substituent (sub)?
a side group that branches off from the main carbon chain
51
what is an alkane with at least one branch called?
a branched alkane
52
what is a structural isomer?
when molecule has SAME formula but DIFFERENT arrangement
53
what is an alkyl group?
a carbon branch (sub)
54
can alkyl groups exist alone?
nope
55
how are halogen subs named?
specific to the halogen element
56
how do you name a fluoride sub?
fluoro
57
how do you name a chlorine sub?
chloro
58
how do you name a bromine sub?
bromo
59
how do i name an iodine sub?
iodo
60
do subs go before or after the alkane name?
they go before
61
how are subs and alkane names arranged in order?
alphabetical (excluding prefixes) ex. di, tri
62
when to add a prefix to a sub?
when there are 2 or more
| ex. 2 methyl = dimethyl
63
what does homologus mean?
the same general formula
64
what are the 2 useful aspects of alkanes?
their solubility and density
65
alkanes c 1-4 are ____ at room temperature
gas
66
alkanes c 5-8 are ____ at room temperature
liquid
67
alkanes c 9-17 are ____ at room temperature
liquid (with higher boil pt)
68
alkanes c 18+ are ____ at room temperature
solids
69
what are solid rm temperature alkanes called?
paraffins
70
are alkanes polar or non polar?
non polar
71
what aspect of alkanes makes it insoluble in water?
the non polar aspect= not soluble in water
72
are alkanes soluble in anything?
yes in other non polar solvents (other alkanes)
73
are alkanes less or more dense than water?
less dense (will float)
74
c-c bonds are easy/hard to break?
hard
75
combustion formula of alkanes:
alkane + o2 --> co2 + h2o + energy
76
what order to balance a chemical formula?
1) balance C
2) Balance H
3) balance 0
77
what shape is a carbon bond?
tetrahedral shape
78
what are conformations?
different arrangements of molecule in space (rotated)
79
which two alk- molecules are part of the same family?
alkenes and alkynes (double or triple bond)
80
alkenes have what type of bond?
double bonds
81
alkynes have what type of bond
triple bonds
82
what molecules are unsaturated?
alkenes and alkynes
83
what does unsaturated mean?
not 'full' of h atoms because of double/triple bonds
84
common name for ethene
ethylene (gas to ripen fruit)
85
common name for ethyne
acetylene (for welding)
86
how many pairs do double bonds share?
2 pairs
87
how many pairs do triple bonds share?
3 pairs
88
alkene subs with ____ c do not need to be numbered
2-3 C chain
89
what is a cycloalkene
a double bond chain in ring form
90
when to number a cycloalkene
when it has subs; the double bond is numbered #1 and 2
91
are double bonds flexible or rigid?
rigid; cant move
92
can molecules rotate around a double bond?
no because its stiff
93
what are geometric isomers also called?
cis-trans isomers
94
what is a cis molecule?
where the molecules on either end of the double bond are on the SAME side
95
what is a trans molecule?
where the molecules on either end of the double bond are on OPPOSITE sides
96
if the double bond has 2 different atoms on either end, it has:
cis-trans potential
97
if the double bond has identical atoms on the SAME c atom it has:
no cis - trans potential
98
what are pi bonds?
relatively weak bonds around a double or triple bond
99
what is an addition reaction?
add H atoms to dissolve the double bond
100
what is hydrogenation?
at H2 to make a double bond become a single bond
101
what are the 3 types of addition rxns?
1) hydrogenation
2) oxygenation
3) hydration
102
what is a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids + a glycerol molecule
103
is a tryglyceride saturated or unsaturated?
it is saturated, only single bonds
104
how to make tryglycerides have longer shelf life?
hydrogenated oils
105
what are omega threes?
a carbon chain with a double bond on the 3rd c (3= omega)
106
what are trans fats?
unsaturated fats with double bonds
107
can the body break down trans fats?
no because there are double bonds
108
when you hydrogenize an alkene it turns into a:
alkane (no double bonds)
109
when you hydrate an alkene it turns into a:
alcohol (OH - hydroxyl group)
110
how does hydration occur on an alkene?
the H2O splits into H and OH: H attaches to the C with most H atoms, OH attaches to other side of double bond
111
what side of the double bond does H bond to in a hydration rxn?
the C that has the most H atoms attached already
112
what side of the double bond does H bond to in a hydration rxn?
the C that is opposite to the side that has most H atoms
113
who isolated benzene?
michael faraday
114
what molecules are considered 'aromatic'?
benzene family
115
anise benzene:
anisole
116
tarragon benzene:
estragole
117
thyme benzene
thymol
118
how are the double bonds shared across a benzene ring?
equally from all 6 carbons because of the structure
119
what is the common name for a benzene with a methyl group?
toluene
120
what is the common name for a benzene with an amino (N) group called?
aniline
121
what is the common name for a benzene with a hydroxyl group (OH) called?
phenol
122
how many subs does a benzene rings need to be numbered?
needs 2 or more
123
how to number a benzene ring that is toluene, aniline, or phenol?
name the original sub (toluene, aniline, or phenol) as C#1, then move on to other subs
124
what compounds are typically flammable?
organic compounds
