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BSNC 2000 > Module 1 - Infection > Flashcards

Module 1 - Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of microbes

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Fungi

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

no nucleus

unicellular or multicellular

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3
Q

Examples of Prokaryotes

A

Archaea

Bacteria

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

have a nucleus

cellular or multicellular

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5
Q

Types of Eukaryotes

A 
Protist
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Helminths
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6
Q

Types of Fungi

A

eukaryotes
yeast (unicellular)
mold (multicellular)

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7
Q

Helminths

A

multicellular parasitic worms –> ANIMALS
eggs/larvae are disease producing
grow in threads

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8
Q

Hyphae

A

thread-like growth of helminths

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9
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

stain red on a Gram test
antibiotic resistant
produce endotoxins –> cause symptoms (fever, shock) when cell wall disturbed

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10
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

stain violet on a Gram test
treated with antibiotics
produce exotoxins

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11
Q

Which bacteria does not respond to penicillin

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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12
Q

Virulence Factors

A

secreted enzymes/toxins
mechanism of adhesion (viral spike proteins)
ability to evade immune defenses
ability to survive in environment or disinfection

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13
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathology caused by a pathogen
exists on a continuum
quantitative

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14
Q

Carrier State

A

subclinical but infectious

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15
Q

Commensals

A

colonizing microbes naturally found on host

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16
Q

Protist

A

any living organism that is not a fungi, animal or plant

ex: algae, protozoa

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17
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

polymer found in most bacterial cell ways

neutralized by penicillin

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18
Q

Chitin

A

polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls

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19
Q

Virions

A

viral particle

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20
Q

C. diff characteristics

A

Gram-positive bacteria –> form exotoxins A/B
anaerobic
spore-forming

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21
Q

What route does C. diff travel?

A

fecal-oral

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22
Q

C. Diff symptoms

A 
diarrhea
fever
abdominal cramping
loss of appetite
nausea
dehydration
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23
Q

C. Diff Risk Factors

A 
co-morbidities
immunocompromised
hospitalization or long-term care
medication (antibiotic, chemotherapy)
age (65+)
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24
Q

C. diff reservoir

A

feces, soil, GI tract

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25
C. Diff Diagnosis
fecal culture
26
C. Diff Precautions
Contact plus precautions gloves gown mask goggles wash hands with soap + water
27
Opportunistic Pathogen
a naturally occurring microbe (commensal) that becomes pathogenic when host is immunocompromised
28
Helminths
multicellular parasitic worms
29
Infection Definition
disease process that occurs when body is unable to defend against a pathogen pathogens penetrate into deeper tissues causing a disease state OR pathogen does not penetrate into deeper tissue but releases toxins causing a disease state
30
Stages of infection
1) Colonization | 2) Infection
31
Colonization
pathogen takes residence on host and begin to multiply do not penetrate into deeper tissues subclinical
32
Types of Infection
Acute (few days to weeks) | Chronic (12+ weeks)
33
Spread of Infection
Localized Disseminated Systemic Sepsis
34
Which WBC defends against bacterial infections
Neutrophils
35
Which WBC defends against parasitic infections
basophils | eosionophils
36
Which WBC defends against viral infections
lymphocytes (T+B Cells)
37
Common HAIs
C. Diff VRE MRSA
38
Prion
Infectious abnormal proteins causing disease | Main cause of CJD Dementia
39
Cellular pathogens
Bacteria Fungi Parasites
40
Acellular pathogens
Prions Viruses Virions (virus particles)
41
Types of noninfectious disease
``` Inherited Congenital Degenerative Nutritional deficiency Endocrine Neoplastic Idiopathic ```
42
Inherited disease
genetic (hereditary) disease | ex: sickle cell anemia
43
Congenital disease
disease present at birth | ex: down's syndrome
44
Degenerative
disease that worsens/progresses over time | ex: parkinson's
45
Nutritional deficiency
disease that occurs as a result of malnutrition | ex: scurvy
46
Endocrine
disease that occurs due to impairments/pathology in the hormonal glands ex: hyper/hypothyroidism
47
Neoplastic
abnormal tissue growth (tumor) --> benign or malignant | ex: some forms of cancer
48
Idiopathic disease
disease without a discernible origin | ex: idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telagniectasia
49
Stages of disease
``` Incubation Prodromal Illness Decline Convalescence ```
50
Types of disease
Acute Chronic Latent
51
Acute disease
rapid onset infection lasts few hours to weeks infection resolved
52
Chronic disease
slow onset infection may last from weeks to years may not be curable (i.e. chronic infections) pathogen levels remain high over time
53
Latent disease
delayed onset pathogen may remain in a dormant state for years before becoming activated pathogen levels remain low and then spike not transmissible when dormant
54
Primary Pathogen
causal pathogen directly responsible for illness/disease | always causes disease
55
Opportunistic Pathogen
pathogen that is normally present on/in the body (commensal) but becomes pathogenic under special circumstances
56
Opportunistic Pathogen Risk Factors
``` stress immunocompromised change in normal microflora due to medication pregnancy microbe moves to a new body region ```
57
Median Infectious Dose (ID50)
median amount of pathogenic particles needed to cause infection in 50% of vaccinated individuals inverse relationship with virulence
58
Median Lethal Dose (LD50)
median amount of pathogenic particles needed to cause mortality in 50% of an infected population inversely related with virulence
59
Primary Infection
infection caused directly by a pathogen
60
Secondary Infection
infection caused as a result of a primary infection or treatment of a primary infection
61
Endotoxin
lipopolysaccharides found in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria released upon disruption of bacterial cell wall
62
Exotoxin
secreted by gram-positive bacteria
63
Sequelae
abnormal condition resulting from previous disease | post-infection complications
64
Microbial antagonism
inhibition of one microbe by another | commensals inhibit microbial colonization of pathogens
65
Slow disease
acute infection is not fully cured | disease is minimized, but is not dormant. over time wears out the immune system resulting in secondary infection
66
Dysbiosis
microbial balance ex: reduction in number of bacteria, reduction in diversity, overgrowth of certain bacteria caused by various factors: antibiotics
67
Vector transmission
a living organism transmits a pathogen to another host | can be mechanical or biological vector
68
Vehicle transmission
a contaminated fluid, air or food transmits disease
69
Fomite transmission
Indirect contact | a contaminated object/surface
70
Commensal
a microbe that is part of the resident microflora. | can be become pathogenic under certain circumstances (opportunistic pathogen)
71
Stages of Infection
Exposure Adhesion Invasion Infection
72
C. diff incubation period
5-10 days
73
C. diff epidemiology
2-5% adults colonized | 10-20% older adults colonized
74
C. diff risk populations
frail older adults peripartum women and children antibiotic treatment

BSNC 2000 (9 decks)

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