Pharmacology

Question 1

Drug Classes to treat Stroke

Answer 1

anti-thrombotics

thrombolytics

Question 2

“prolol” endings

Answer 2

beta-blockers

Question 3

“sartan” ending

Answer 3

angiotensin II receptor blockers

Question 4

“pril” ending

Answer 4

ACE inhibitors

Question 5

“actone” ending

Answer 5

potassium sparking diuretics

Question 6

Factors affecting drug absorption

Answer 6

food –> increases stomach pH
lipid solubility of drug
polarity of drug
route of administration

Question 7

Pharmacodynamics Definition

Answer 7

how drug impacts the body

Question 8

Pharmacokinetics Definition

Answer 8

how the body processes a drug

“ADME”

Question 9

ADME Definition

Answer 9

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 10

How drugs work

Answer 10

1) replace or act as substitute for missing chemicals (insulin)
2) increase or stimulate cellular activity (cocaine)
3) decrease or depress cellular activity (fentanyl)
4) interfere with cellular functioning (invading neoplasms)

Question 11

Agonist

Answer 11

a drug that causes a reaction (usually activity typical of that cell)

Question 12

Antagonist

Answer 12

a drug that inhibits a cellular an effect. blocks cellular receptors or normal activity

Question 13

Competitive antagonist

Answer 13

competes for receptors on cell membrane. blocks chemicals from binding with that receptor site and causing a reaction

Question 14

Non-competitive antagonist

Answer 14

can be functional or allosteric.
functional = prevents agonist from causing a reaction
allosteric = binds to a non-agonist site on cell to inhibit receptor activation

Question 15

Selective Toxicity

Answer 15

ability of drug to only target systems of foreign cells

Question 16

Critical concentration

Answer 16

amount of drug required to induce a therapeutic effect

Question 17

Loading dose

Answer 17

larger than normal dose of drug to accelerate a therapeutic reaction
preloading dose

Question 18

Absorption

Answer 18

time period between administration of drug and drug reaching the circulatory system

Question 19

Parenteral

Answer 19

outside the GI tract

Question 20

Types of drug administration

Answer 20

PO
IV
IM
SC
Inhaled
Rectal
Transdermal
Mucous membranes

Question 21

Fastest drug route

Answer 21

IV

Question 22

Factors impacting PO drugs

Answer 22

food increases stomach acidity

fatty food causes stomach to empty more slowly, affecting distribution

Question 23

Absorption processes

Answer 23

passive diffusion
active transport
filtration

Question 24

Distribution

Answer 24

movement of drug from circulation to bodily tissues

Question 25

Factors affecting distribution

Answer 25

lipid solubility --> water-soluble particles unable to cross plasma membrane polarity perfusion of target tissue protein transport

Question 26

Which drugs can cross the BBB

Answer 26

lipid-soluble drugs | most antibiotic drugs are not lipid-soluble

Question 27

Metabolism

Answer 27

aka biotransformation | detoxifying enzymes inactivate drugs and make them more water-soluble for excretion

Question 28

Liver enzymes

Answer 28

cytochrome P450 enzymes

Question 29

First-pass effect

Answer 29

PO drugs pass through GI tract --> hepatic portal vein --> liver where they get metabolized. less active drug available before it reaches circulation

Question 30

Stages of Metabolism

Answer 30

Phase 1: biotransformation (inactivate drug) occurs via oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis Phase 2: conjugation (water-soluble)

Question 31

Enzyme Induction

Answer 31

enzymatic activity increases during drug metabolism | mixing drugs can cause a decrease the therapeutic effect by increasing metabolism of a particular drug

Question 32

Organ responsible for metabolism

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

Organ responsible for excretion

Answer 33

kidney

Question 34

Routes of excretion

Answer 34

``` urine saliva bile feces sweat respiration ```

Question 35

Factors affecting excretion

Answer 35

GFR (normally 50-60) kidney disease urine acidity

Question 36

Half-life

Answer 36

time it takes for a drug to decrease by half of its peak amount

Question 37

Accumulation

Answer 37

drugs can build up in the body. can be toxic if drug doses are not spaced out properly (think of half-life)

Question 38

Types of drug interactions

Answer 38

absorption site --> prevents absorption distribution --> compete for protein transport decreased metabolism --> toxicity excretion --> accumulation & toxicity site of action --> reduced therapeutic effect

Question 39

Areas of drug interactions

Answer 39

absorption site --> prevents absorption distribution --> compete for protein transport decreased metabolism --> toxicity excretion --> accumulation & toxicity site of action --> reduced therapeutic effect

Question 40

Prodrugs

Answer 40

drugs that are inactive upon administration and activated by liver metabolism

Question 41

Types of drug interactions

Answer 41

synergistic (drugs amplify effect) antagonistic (drug blocks/inhibits effect of another) potentiation (drug that has no effect, amplifies another)

Question 42

First Order Kinetics

Answer 42

drug elimination is proportional to concentration of drug in blood plasma

Question 43

Zero Order Kinetics

Answer 43

drug elimination is independent of plasma concentration --> constant rate of excretion higher risk for toxicity