Module 1: Intro/Anatomy Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
How large is the average eyeball
A
24mm
2
Q
How many layers of the eye
A
3 layers
3
Q
-Tough outer layer
-consists sclera and cornea
A
the 1st layer of the eye
4
Q
-Rich vascular tissue
-consists of iris, ciliary body, and choroid
A
2nd layer of the eye
5
Q
-Inner layer consisting of the retina
-light is changed to electric impluses sent to the brain
A
the 3rd layer of the eye
6
Q
What do eyelids do
A
procect the globe and help spread tear film
7
Q
space/distance between lower and upper eyelids
A
palpebral aperture
8
Q
hold eyelids open by contracting, closing by relaxing
A
Levator palpebrae superioris
9
Q
-produce lipid layer and tear film
-located posterios surface of lids
A
Meibomian glands
10
Q
tiny opening located inner aspect of the lids
A
Punctum
11
Q
-allow tear drainage
-connect to small canals
A
Puncta
12
Q
-3 layers giving lubrication
-keeping eyes clear and comfortable
A
Tear film
13
Q
-1st tear film layer
-produced by meibomian glands
-prevents tear evaporation
A
Lipid layer
14
Q
-2nd tear film layer
-secreted by lacrimal gland
A
Aqueous layer
15
Q
-3rd tear film layer
-secreted by goblet cells
-covers the surface of cornea/conjuctiva
A
Mucin Layer
16
Q
located superior temporal of eye
A
Lacrimal gland
17
Q
conjunctival epithelial cells
A
Goblet cells
18
Q
-window of the eye
- 5 layers
-avascular/fibrous/transparent
A
Cornea
19
Q
outer most layer/ 1st layer
A
Epithelium
20
Q
Bowman’s membrane
A
2nd layer
21
Q
Stroma
A
3rd layer, thickest
22
Q
Descemet’s membrane
A
4th layer
23
Q
Endothelium
A
5th layer, deepest
24
Q
-tough white fibrous outer coating
-supportive tissue from optic nerve
-located at the posterior of the eye to the anterior surface.
A
Sclera
25
Extraocular muscles
attach to the sclera
26
-Loose structure
-fibrous/elastic tissue
-located at outer part of sclera
-contains blood vessels
Episclera
27
-junction of cornea and sclera
-location of surgical incisions
Limbus
28
-mucous membrane
-covers the globe adjacent to cornea
-covers visible sclera
-lines the inside eyelids
Conjunctiva
29
visible sclera
Bulbar conjunctiva
30
inside lining of the eyelids
Palpebral conjunctiva
31
pocket located at bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva meet
Fornix
32
space directly behind cornea/infront of iris
Anterior chamber
33
-clear fluid that fills anterior chamber
-creates pressure within the eye
Aqueous humour
34
normal range is between 13-20 mmHg
Intraocular pressure (IOP)
35
-coloured
-circular muscle
-located behind cornea
-directly infront of lens
-regulates amount of light enters eye, by changing size.
Iris
36
dim illumination causes pupil to enlarge called mydriasis
Dilator muscle
37
bright light causes pupil to contract called miosis
Sphincter muscle
38
-dark center surrounded by iris
-pathway to retina
Pupil
39
-located between retina and sclera
-rich in blood vessels
-provides oxygen and nutrients to retina and ciliary body
Choroid
40
-donut shaped muscle
-holds cystalline lens
-resting = pulls tightly= focused for distance
-contracting = relaxed = focused for near
-produces aqueous humor
Ciliary Body
41
the ability to focus between distance and near by contracting and relaxing the ligament
Accommodation
42
-produced by ciliary body
-located in the posterior chamber
-flows from posterior chamber to anterior chamber
-drains out to canal of schlemm
Aqueous humor
43
space between back of iris and front of lens
Posterior chamber
44
-circular channel located deep inside the limbus
-collects aqueous from anterior chamber to episcleral veins
Canal of schlemm
45
-transparent (colourless)
-suspended body in front of eyeball
-located between iris and vitreous
-brings rays of light to focus on retina
Crystalline lens
46
attach the crystalline lens to ciliary body
Zonular fibers
47
-delicate nerve layer
-10 layers thick
-contains sensitive photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
Retina
48
-clear daytime vision
-colour enhancement
Cones
49
-dim lighting
-night vision
Rods
50
-small indentation/ pit
-inside retina
-highest amount of cones
-sharpest vision
Fovea centralis
51
-contains fovea centralis
-name means slightly yellow
- yellow spot on retina
Macula lutea
52
- soft jelly material
- fills up vitreous chamber
- transparent
- made of collagen fibers and water
- liquefies with age
- collagen fibers break off making floaters
Vitreous humour
53
- millions of fibers
- transfers visual info from retina to brain
Optic nerve
54
-the location where the optic nerve leaves the eye
-no sensory receptors
-the blindspot
Optic Disc
55
-anatomical pathway
-electrical signals made by retina
- sent to the brain
Visual pathway
56
-Step 1
- retinal fibers leave optic nerve
- half cross to the opposite side
-nasal fibers OD connect with temporal fibers OS
Optic Chiasm
57
-Step 2
-when nasal OD connects with temporal OS
-wraps around the midbrain
- connects to Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Optic Tract
58
-Step 3
- all axons must synapse (pass from one neuron to another)
-axons fan out through the deep white matter called optic radiations
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN
59
-Step 4
-deep white matter of the brain
-travel to posterior portion of brain to occiplital lobe
Optic Radiation
60
-Step 5
-inside the occipital lobe
-fibers join with brain cells
-produces images we see
Primary visual cortex
61
- 6 muscles
- responisble for moving the eyes
Extraocular muscles
62
Adduction (inwards)
Medial rectus
63
Abduction (outwards)
Lateral rectus
64
1) Elevation (upwards)
2nd) Intorsion, adduction
Superior rectus
65
1) Depression (downwards)
2nd) Extorsion, adduction
Inferior rectus
66
1) Intorsion (inward rotation)
2nd) Depression, abduction
Superior oblique
67
1) Extorsion (outward rotation)
2nd) Elevation, adbuction
Inferior oblique
68
-ability of both eyes to see 3D images
-eyes must function optimally
-relies on balanced motor and sensory
- eye not equal, images cannot fuse together
Binocular vision
69
double vision
Diplopia
70
-brain ignores fuzzy image
- caused by imbalance between OD and OS
Suppresion
71
movement of one eye from one position to another in one direction.
Duction
72
Movement of two eyes in the same direction
Version
73
OD and OS directed in opposite directions at same time
Vergence
74
-OD and OS rotate inwards towards each other
-near triad occurs
- pupil constriction
- accommodation
Convergence
75
OD and OS rotate outwards from each other
Divergence
76
-adjustment of the eye for seeing at different distances
-made by crystalline lens changing shape
Accommodation
77
-ciliary muscles contract
-zonular fibers of len relax
-lens shape becomes thicker
- age causes ciliary contraction declines
Near accommodation
78
-Age (40's) causes ciliary muscles contraction to decline
-lens becomes harder
- loses ability to see near objects
- decline in accommodation
Presbyopia
79
Prepare call/email
- be familiar with phone and computer to prevent disconnecting or wrong line/ wrong person
-pad and pen next to phone
-answer phone promptly within 3 rings
- voicemails and emails responded same day
- always smile when answering the phone
80
Train your voice
-use normal voice, never raised
-speak clearly, not too fast or will think your too busy
-dont use high pitch, seems busy or agitated
- low pitch is calm and confidence
-never eat or drink on the phone
81
Greetings
- all patients warm welcome (into your home)
- each visit like it's their first time
-always indentify practice and Drs, yourself (with a smile) *gag*
- emails need your name
-intro statement slow and clear
82
Watch your language
- language clear and conventional no slang
-dont use medical terminology they cause confusion, alarm and discourage px
-dont use short form or acronyms
-never use the word " NO" * gag*
-"let me explain how we handle that" *gag*
83
Positive expressions
- call if you have any questions
-the doctor is booked up until...
-the doctors schedule has been interrupted
-im calling to reconfirm your appointment
-one of our patients re-scheduled
Negative expressions
-Call if you have any problems
-the drs are scheduled, they are available...
-the Dr is running behind
-im calling to remind of ur appointment
- one of our patients canceled
84
Take notes
- as soon as the px identifies write it down
-use px name during conversation
-repeat same words back to them
85
Be friendly
- nothing is more important than their call
-personalize the conversation
-let the caller hang up first
86
Listen carefully
-active listener "i see", "uh-huh", "yes"
-paraphrase
87
ask questions
- builds understanding
-purposeful and efficient
-open-ended
88
apologize
- alleviate tense situations
-never make excuses/pass blame
-be honest
