MODULE 1: INTRO EARTH CONCEPTS, MINERALS, BEGIN ROCK CYCLE: IGNEOUS Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
A hypothesis has (more/less) certainty than a theory
A
Less
2
Q
(T/F) Just south of the glacial boundary, in southeastern Ohio, is the only location in the state where dinosaur fossils have been thus far been found.
A
False
3
Q
The surface bedrock directly beneath soil cover at BGSU is ____________ in age.
A
Silurian
4
Q
The Blackhand sandstone is exposed in Hocking Hills State Park and is _______________ in age.
A
Mississippian
5
Q
The current scientific estimate for the age of the Earth is
A
4.56 billion years old
6
Q
During the northern hemisphere summer solstice (June 21) at what latitude are the sun’s rays directly overhead (at a 90 degree angle to the Earth’s surface) casting no shadow off of any object?
A
Aswan, Egypt. 23.5 degrees North
7
Q
Shifting wind and water currents deposit sediments (e.g., silts and sands) and produce a unique structure called ______________.
A
Cross bedding
8
Q
Earth’s Eons
A
Hadeon
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
9
Q
What is the proper sequencing order of geologic time periods (from oldest to youngest)?
A
Pre-Cambrian
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Quaternary
10
Q
Eras of Phanerozoic Eon
A
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
11
Q
Periods of Paleozoic Era
A
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
12
Q
Periods of Mesozoic Era
A
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
13
Q
Periods of Cenozoic Era
A
Tertiary
Quaternary
14
Q
The oldest rock, native to Earth, ever radiometrically dated is from the ___________ eon.
A
Hadeon
15
Q
What happens when two tectonic plates tear apart from one another which geologic phenomena occur?
A
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Oceans form/open
Continents drift apart
16
Q
How to tell difference between Halite and Quartz?
A
Lick it
17
Q
3 Requirements of Crystals
A
1) solid
2) specific chemical formula
3) orderly arrangements of atoms
18
Q
Halite chemical formula
A
NaCl
19
Q
Quartz chemical formula
A
SiO2
20
Q
Gypsum chemical formula
A
CaSO4 2H20
21
Q
A mineral is… (3)
A
1) a crystal
2) naturally occurring
3) inorganic
22
Q
Organic
A
made by living organism and comprised of hydrocarbons
23
Q
A rock is…
A
one or more minerals
24
Q
Exceptions to the crystal/mineral/rock rules (2)
A
Coal - sedimentary rock (not inorganic)
Obsidian - volcanic glass (no orderly arrangement)
25
Calcite chemical formula
CaCO3
26
What is the primary mineral in the rock limestone?
Calcite
27
Elements
the most basic substance into which matter can be chemically separated
28
Diamond, Graphite, and Coal are all made primarily of what element?
Carbon
29
Ionic Bonding
Transfer of an electron
30
Covalent Bonding
Sharing electron pairs
31
Two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust
Oxygen (45.2%)
Silicon (27.2%)
32
Silicate minerals
contains silica and oxygen. 75% of all minerals
33
Pyrite chemical formula
FeS2
34
Elemental gold vs Fool's gold
Pyrite will make dark scratches on ceramic
35
Tools for Identifying Minerals
Color
Streak
Crystal form
Habit
Hardness
Luster
Cleavage
Fracture
Specific gravity
36
Color
Mainly determined by a mineral's composition
37
Streak
"powder color" of a mineral - more consistent characteristic than color
38
Crystal form
flat crystal surfaces that form during the growth of minerals
39
What crystal form does Quartz have?
Hexagonal
40
What crystal form does Halite have?
Cubic
41
Habit
the distinctive shape of a particular mineral
42
Asbestos
a silicate material with a fibrous crystal habit
43
Hardness
a mineral's resistance to scratching
44
Luster
the quality and intensity of light reflection
45
The contents of the crust are...
Silica-rich
46
The contents of the mantle are...
Silica-poor
47
The contents of the outer core are...
Liquid metallic
48
The contents of the inner core are...
Solid metallic
49
Crystal Form vs Habit
Form can be categorized by geometric shape
Habit is categorized by descriptive terms like fibrous, silky
50
Density equation
mass/volume
51
The strongest seismic discontinuity (the speed of seismic waves changes) occurs at the...
mantle-outer core boundary
52
Common lusters (4)
Metallic
Vitreous/Glassy
Resinous
Pearly
53
Cleavage
the manner in which a mineral breaks along planes of weakness (predictable)
54
Fracture
describes way that brittle materials break when they don't follow any natural planes of separation
55
Conchoidal fracture
resembles the rippling curves of a mussel shell
56
Non-Conchoidal fracture
have no directional cleavage planes or swirls in the structure
57
Specific Gravity
refers to how dense a material is compared to water
58
Birefringence
when you look at an object through a mineral and see a double image
59
Luminescence/Fluorescence
they glow when exposed to a UV light
60
Magnetic
attracted by a magnet
61
Which group of meteorites is most similar in chemical composition and density to the Earth's mantle?
stony-iron meteorites
62
Which is the least dense interior Earth layer?
continental crust
63
The lithosphere and asthenosphere are interior layers of the Earth primarily defined on the basis of their...
mechanical strength (strong vs. weak)
64
The Rock Cycle
a set of crustal process that form new rock , break it down, transport and.modify it
65
Magma is...
molten rock
66
Lava is...
magma that reaches the Earth's surface
67
The silica tetrahedron (complex anion)
satisfies its overall negative (-4) charge
by doing one of two things:
1) bonding with other cations (eg: Ca2+ , Na+, K+, etc.)
2) bonding with other silica tetrahedrons to form pairs, chains, sheets, or frameworks
68
Chemical formula for Olivine
(Mg, Fe)2 SiO4
69
High end of temps on Bowen's Reaction Series
1250-1400 degrees C
70
Low end of temps on Bowen's Reaction Series
650-700 degrees C
71
Where does magma form?
The Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary
72
Pyroxene mineral group
single-chain silicate
73
Augite is a type of...
pyroxene
74
Amphibole mineral group
double-chain silicate
75
Hornblende is a type of...
double-chain silicate
76
What has more silica? (Augite/Hornblende)
Hornblende
77
Mica mineral group
sheet silicates
78
The color of biotite mica is...
black
79
The color of muscavite mica is...
white
80
Do framework silicates have cleavage or fracture?
Fracture (Non-conchoidal)
81
Feldspar mineral group
framework aluminosilicates
82
Olivine and Obsidian are both what?
felsic color rule breakers
83
Felsic magma has (high/low) silica content.
high
84
Mafic magma has (high/low) silica content.
low
85
How to form magma: 3 steps
raise temp
lower pressure
raise water content (dissolved gasses)
86
Water content (raises/lowers) melting point of rocks.
lowers
87
Hawaii and Yellowstone are both...
hotspot volcanoes
88
Melting occurs in hot spots because of...
increased temperature
89
Melting occurs in spreading centers because of...
decreased pressure (decompression melting)
90
Iceland is both a... and a...
hot spot and spreading center
91
Melting occurs in subduction zones because of...
increased water content (flux melting)
92
Viscosity
resistance to flow (thick)
93
Non-explosive volcanoes have mafic magma with (high/low) viscosity.
low/runny
94
Explosive volcanoes have felsic magma with (high/low) viscosity.
high/thick
95
Viscosity is controlled by... (2)
temperature and silica content
96
Pahoehoe is (more/less) viscous than Aa.
more
97
What are the names of the microplates subducting on the west side of the North American plate?
Juan and Gorda
98
What volcanic mountain range has intermediate magma content?
The Cascades
99
What color are minerals made from intermediate magma?
grey
100
Two categories of Igneous rock.
Extrusive
Intrusive
101
Extrusive (volcanic) Igneous rocks
quick cooling, tiny crystals or glassy
102
Intrusive (plutonic) Igneous rock
slow cooling, large crystals
103
Batholith
104
Dike
vertical intrusion of magma
105
Sill
horizontal intrusion of magma
106
Laccolith
mushroom-shaped intrusion of magma
107
Xenolith
surrounding rocks that fell into magma chamber
108
Pluton
intrusive magma chamber
109
Aphanitic rocks
Fine-grained, formed in extrusive volcanic setting
110
Phaneritic rocks
Coarse-grained, formed in intrusive volcanic setting
111
Porphyritic rocks
mix of phaneritic and aphanitic, big crystals with fine-grain matrix
112
Scoria
oxidized vesicular basalt
113
vesicular
bubbly or frothy
114
Pumice
explosive, intermediate felsic - floats in water
115
Tuff
from igneous ash flow, sharp angular fragments. ash flow picking up rocks along the way
116
Shield volcanoes
Hawaiian eruption style, gentle slopes due to fluid, low-silica lava, and few pyroclastics (largest on earth)
117
Fissure volcanoes/Flood basalt
mafic, hot, runny, non-explosive lava is pouring out of a fissure layer by layer
118
Columbia River basalts
fissure basalt stretching over Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
119
Cindercone (spattercones) volcanoes
moderately explosive (Strombolian eruption style), conical, throw lava, ash, and volcanic bombs (stones size of bowling balls), 100s of feet in the air, basaltic to andesitic
120
Stratovolcano
MOST EXPLOSIVE!!, Plinian eruption style, steep-sided, concave slopes, (Cascades, Japan, Illusion Islands, Ring of Fire), ash columns 10-20+ km high
120
Resurgent dome
magma, gasses reenters chamber, lifts floor of caldera/ceiling of a magma chamber
121
pyroclastic flows
fast-moving (>100 mph), hot, dense volcanic ash and gas flow, produce tuff
121
Volcanic Crater
funnel-shaped depression from which gas, tephra, and lava are ejected
122
Volcanic Caldera
circular steep-walled wash basin formed when magma chamber empties after large eruption & unsupported roof of chamber collapses under its own weight
123
Fumaroles
hydrothermal vents - emits steam and gasses (SO2)
124
Mud Pot
a sort of acidic hot spring, or fumarole, with
limited water. It usually takes the form of a pool of bubbling mud. The acid and microorganisms decompose surrounding rock into clay and mud.
125
Hot Spring
a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust
126
Geyser
a natural spring showing intermittent water and steam discharge, a hydrothermal feature associated with an underground magma chamber heating groundwater
126
Columnar Joints (crack)
formed due to stress as the cooling magma or lava contracts inwards
127
Pillow Basalts
lava enters water passively as bulbous bodies, quenched, forms glassy skin
128
Volcanic Hazards
lava flows, pyroclastic flows, gasses, lahar
129
Lahar
volcanic mudflow - can occur after an eruption or even during a quiet time for a volcanoe
130
