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2nd sem-Human Histology PRELIM > Module 1 (INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY) > Flashcards

Module 1 (INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY) Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

THE STUDY OF THE TISSUES OF THE BODY AND HOW THESE TISSUES ARE ARRANGED TO CONSTITUTE ORGANS.

A

HISTOLOGY

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2
Q

FROM THE GREEK WORD HISTO MEANING “TISSUES” OR “WEB”. *WEB BECAUSE OF INTERWOVEN FILAMENTS AND FIBERS, BOTH CELLULAR AND NONCELLULAR, WITH MEMBRANOUS LINING.

A

HISTOLOGY

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3
Q

IT INVOLVES ALL ASPECTS OF TISSUE BIOLOGY. *WITH THE FOCUS ON HOW CELLS’ STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONS SPECIFIC TO EACH ORGAN.

A

HISTOLOGY

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4
Q

GREEK WORD HISTO MEANING

A

“TISSUES” OR “WEB

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5
Q

THIS METHOD CAN BE DONE BY CHEMICAL OR LESS FREQUENTLY PHYSICAL METHODS.

A

FIXATION

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6
Q

TO AVOID TISSUE DIGESTION BY ENZYMES PRESENT WITH THE CELLS (AUTOLYSIS) OR BY BACTERIA AND TO PRESERVE THE STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR COMPOSITION, PIECES OF ORGANS SHOULD BE PROMPTLY AND ADEQUATELY TREATED BEFORE, OR AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, AFTER REMOVAL FROM THE BODY.

A

FIXATION

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7
Q

PRESERVE MORPHOLOGY OF CELL

A

FIXATION primary aim

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8
Q

HARDEN TISSUE TO PROTECT FROM TRAUMA

A

FIXATION secondary aim

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9
Q

WIDELY USED FIXATIVE

A

FORMALDEHYDE AND GLUTARALDEHYDE

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10
Q

BEST GENERAL FIXATIVE / BEST FOR IRON CONTAINING TISSUES

A

FORMALDEHYDE

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11
Q

ONE OF THE BEST FIXATIVES FOR ROUTINE LIGHT MICROSCOPY. *A BUFFERED ISOTONIC SOLUTION OF 37% FORMALDEHYDE.

A

FORMALIN

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12
Q

MAIN FACTORS INVOLVED IN FIXATION

A

pH
Temperature
Thickness of Section
Concentration

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13
Q

pH factor in fixation

A

6-8 OPTIMUM

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14
Q

temperature factor in fixation

A

GENERALLY AT RT

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15
Q

thickness of section factor in fixation

A

2-4mm

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16
Q

concentration factor in fixation

A

10% Formalin

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17
Q

Practical considerations in fixation

A

Speed: ASAP
Penetration: Formalin 1mm/hr
Volume: 20x

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18
Q

COMPLETE REMOVAL OF CALCIUM SALTS FROM THE TISSUE FOLLOWING FIXATION

A

DECALCIFICATION

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19
Q

RECOMMENDED FLUID TO TISSUE RATIO in Decalcification

A

20:1

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20
Q

IDEAL TIME REQUIRED of Decalcification

A

24-48 HRS (2-3 DAYS)

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21
Q

TISSES WILL UNDERGO COMPLETE DIGETSION within (___) and at what temperature.

A

24-48 HRS at 55 C

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22
Q

Types of Decalcifying agents

A

Acid: Nitric acid/ hydrochloric acid/ formic acid
Tissue Softeners: 4% phenol/ 2% HCL

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23
Q

Most of the water are removed

A

Dehydration

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24
Q

Process of removing extracellular and intracellular water from tissue following fixation and prior to wax infiltration

25
THIS IS COMMONLY CARRIED OUT BY IMMERSING SPECIMENS IN A SERIES OF ETHANOL SOLUTIONS INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION. *UNTIL PURE, WATER-FREE ALCOHOL IS REACHED. WHICH EFFECTIVELY REMOVES ALL WATER FROM THE TISSUE
Dehydration
26
MOST COMMON used dehydrating agent
Alcohol
27
Alcohol used in dehydration
Ethanol : for routing dehydration : EST dehydrating agent Methanol
28
TYPICAL DEHYDRATION SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS
not more than 4mm THICK
29
TYPICAL DEHYDRATION SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS:* NOT MORE THAN 4mm THICK
70% ETHANOL – 15 MINS 90% ETHANOL – 15 MINS 100 % ETHANOL – 15 MINS 100 % ETHANOL – 15 MINS 100 % ETHANOL – 30 MINS 100 % ETHANOL – 45 MINS
30
APPLICATION OF CLEARING
*TO MAKE TISSUE, EMBRYOS, PARASITES TRANSPARENT. * FOR DEALCOHOLIZATION OF TISSUE PREPARATORY TO WAX IMPREGNATION
31
THE PROCESS WILL DISPLACE THE ETHANOL IN THE TISSUE
CLEARING
32
SOLUTION IS MISCIBLE IN BOTH ALCOHOL (DEHYDRATING AGENT) AND MELTED PARAFFIN (IMPREGNATION/INFILTRATION MEDIUM)
CLEARING
33
PROCESS OF REMOVING ALCOHOL FROM SECTION OF TISSUE BY IMMERSING THEM
CLEARING
34
IT REMOVES SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF FAT FROM TISSUES WHICH OTHERWISE PRESENTS A BARRIER TO WAX INFILTRATION.
CLEARING
35
TYPICAL CLEARING SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS
XYLENE – 20 MINS XYLENE – 20 MINS XYLENE – 45 MINS
36
CLEARING AGENT IS COMPLETELY REMOVED FROM TISSUE AND REPLACED BY A MEDIUM THAT WILL COMPLETELY FILL ALL TISSUE CAVITIES
WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION
37
TISSUE CAN BE INFILTRATED WITH A SUITABLE HISTOLOGICAL WAX
WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION
38
CAN BE INFILTRATED INTO TISSUE AT THIS TEMPERATURE THEN ALLOWED TO COOL AT 20C. (E.G. PARAPLAST)
WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION
39
A TYPICAL WAX IS
LIQUID AT 60C
40
Tissue is placed in a small mold. (Tissue cassettes/ case/ plastic boats) containing melted paraffin which is then allowed to harden.
WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION
41
MOST COMMON ; SIMPLEST reagent in Wax Infiltration/Impregnation
Paraffin Wax
42
Substitute of Paraffin wax
paraplast
43
TYPICAL INFILTRATION SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS
WAX – 30 MINS WAX – 30 MINS WAS – 45 MINS
44
SPECIMEN THOROUGHLY INFILTRATED WITH WAX MUST BE FORMED INTO A “BLOCK” WHICH CAN BE CLAMPED IN A MICROTOME FOR SECTION CUTTING.
EMBEDDING
45
PROCESS BY WHICH THE IMPREGNATED TISSUE IS PALCED INTO PRECISELY ARRANGED POSITION IN A MOLD CONTAINING MEDIUM WHICH IS THEN ALLOWED TO SOLIDIF
EMBEDDING
46
PROCESS OF REMOVING EXCESS WAX FROM THE BLOCK,SO THAT IT FORMS “4-SIDED PRISM
TRIMMING
47
ATLEAST 2MM OF WAX SHOULD SURROUND THE TISSUE BLOCK
TRIMMING
48
PROCESS WHEREBY TISSUES ARE CUT INTO UNIFORMLY THIN SLICES OR SECTIONS WITH THE AID OF A MICROTOME
SECTION CUTTING
49
PARAFFIN SECTION : 4-6 MICRA
SECTION CUTTING
50
THE SPECIMEN IS PLACED IN A MICROTOME FOR SECTIONING AT A THICKNESS DOWN TO 2um TO FORM A RIBBON.
SECTION CUTTING
51
METHOD OF STAINING TISSUES HAVE THEREFORE BEEN DEVISED THAT NOT ONLY MAKE VARIOUS TISSUE COMPONENTS CONSPICUOUS BUT ALSO PERMIT DISTINCTIONS TO BE MADE BETWEEN THEM.
STAINING
52
TYPES OF DYE/STAIN:
BASOPHILIC ACIDOPHILIC
53
BASOPHILIC Stains
NUCLEIC ACID, GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS, AND ACID GLYCOPROTEIN (E.G. TOLUIDINE BLUE, ALCIAN BLUE, METHYLENE BLUE, HEMATOXYLIN)
54
ACIDOPHILIC Stains
MITOCHONDRIA, SECRETORY GRANULES, AND COLLAGEN (E.G. ORANGE G, EOSIN, AND ACID FUCHSIN)
55
SECTION CUT IS PICKED BY
INDEX FINGER SPATULA FLAT-BLADED FORCEPS
56
THE WRINKLED SECTIONS ARE “FLOATED-OUT” IN FLOATATION WATER BATH FOR 5-10MINS UNTIL FLATTENED AND THEN “FISH-OUT” WITH A SLIDE WITH ADHESIVE.
FISHING OUT
57
WATER BATH temperature for fishing out
45-50 C
58
METHODS OF DRYING SLIDE
WAX OVEN : 56-60C FOR 2 HRS INCUBATOR : 37C OVERNIGHT HOT PLATE : 45-55C FOR 45 MINS BLOWER TYPE SLIDE DRYER 50-55C FOR 20-30 MINS
59
BASIC STEPS IN TISSUE PREPARATION FOR HISTOLOGY:
FIXATION DEHYDRATION CLEARING INFILTRATION OR IMPREGNATION EMBEDDING, CASTING OR MOLDING BLOCKING TRIMMING SECTIONING OR CUTTING STAINING MOUNTING LABELING *IMMEDIATELY AFTER REMOVAL OF TISSUE

2nd sem-Human Histology PRELIM (6 decks)

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