Module 4 (CONNECTIVE TISSUE) Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
most abundant and most widely distributed tissue in the body
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2
Q
consists of three basic elements : cells, ground substance, and fibers
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3
Q
CONNECTIVE TISSUE three basic elements
A
cells, ground substance, and fibers
4
Q
connective tissue cells are separated by considerable amount of matrix
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
5
Q
do not usually occur on free surfaces
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
6
Q
has nerve supply except for cartilage
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
7
Q
highly vascular except cartilage, tendons have scanty blood supply
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
8
Q
matrix maybe fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous or calcified. *which is usually secreted by the connective tissue cells and adjacent cells and determines the tissue quality; in blood, the matrix is fluid.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
9
Q
binds, supports and strengthens other body tissues
protects and insulates internal organs
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
10
Q
compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
11
Q
major transport system within the body
A
blood
12
Q
a fluid from the connective tissue
A
blood
13
Q
major site of stored energy reserves
A
adipose (fat) tissue
14
Q
derived from embryonic mesodermal cell called mesenchymal cells
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
15
Q
most common cells in the connective tissue
A
FIBROBLASTS
16
Q
responsible for the synthesis of extracellular matrix components (including proteins, such as collagen and elastin.
A
FIBROBLASTS
17
Q
large, flat, spindle-shaped with branching processes
A
FIBROBLASTS
18
Q
targets of various growth factors. *that influence cell growth and differentiation
A
FIBROBLASTS
19
Q
TWO STAGES OF ACTIVITY
OF FIROBLASTS
A
Active
Quiescent
20
Q
with intense synthetic activity
A
Active cell
21
Q
Has an abundant and irregularly branched cytoplasm. Nucleus is ovoid, pale-staining, with fine chromatin and a prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasm is rich in rough ER and the golgi apparatus is well developed
A
Active cell
22
Q
scattered within the matrix where they are already synthesized
A
Quiescent cell
23
Q
Smaller than the active fibroblast and is usually spindle shaped. Has a fewer processes; a smlaller, elongated nucleus; and more acidophilic cytoplasm with much less in rough ER.
A
Quiescent cell
24
Q
DENOTION OF QUIESCENT CELL
A
FIBROCYTE
25
DENOTION OF ACTIVE CELL
fibroblast
26
discovered and initially characterized by their phagocytic ability.
MACROPHAGE
27
capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
MACROPHAGE
28
TYPES of MACROPHAGE
Wandering
Fixed
29
leave blood and migrate to infected area
Wandering Cell
30
remain in certain tissues and organs
Fixed Cell
31
are distributed throughout the body and are present in most organs. They comprise a family called “MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM”.
Macrophages
32
All are long-living cells and may survive for months in tissues
Macrophages
33
Monocyte LOCATION and MAIN FUNCTION
Blood
Precursor of macrophage
34
MACROPHAGE LOCATION and MAIN FUNCTION
Connective tissue, lymphoid organs, lungs, bone marrow
Production of cytokines, chemotactic factors, and several other molecules that participate in inflammation (defense), antigen processing and presentation
35
KUPFFER CELL
Liver
Same as macrophage
36
MICROGLIA CELL
Nerve tissue of the CNS
Same as macrophage
37
LANGERHANS CELL
Skin
Antigen processing and presentation
38
DENDRITIC CELL
Lymph nodes
Antigen processing and presentation
39
40
MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELL
Connective tissue (fusion of several macrophages)
Segregation and digestion of foreign bodies
41
Large, oval or round connective tissue cells, 20-30 um in diameter, whose cytoplasm is filled with basophilic secretory granules.
MAST CELLS
42
Abundant alongside blood vessels
MAST CELLS
43
Produce histamine. *chemical that causes small blood vessels to dilate during inflammation
MAST CELLS
44
Contain heparin to bind certain intracellular contents
MAST CELLS
45
A partial list of important molecules released from Mast Cells
Heparin
Histamine
Serine proteases
Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors
46
acts locally as an anticoagulant
Heparin
47
promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction
Histamine
48
attract leukocytes
Eosinophil and Neutriphil chemotactic factors
49
Release of chemical mediators stored in mast cells promote the allergic reactions.
IMMEDIATE HYERSENSITIVITY REACTION
50
activate various mediators of inflammation
Serine proteases
51
Large, ovoid cells that have a basophilic cytoplasm due to their richness in rough ER
PLASMA CELLS
52
Nucleus is generally spherical but eccentrically placed.
PLASMA CELLS
53
Secrete antibodies. *provide defense mechanism though immunity
PLASMA CELLS
54
contains a diversity of large molecules.
Influencing tissue development, migration, proliferation, shape and even metabolic functions
ground substance
55
highly hydrated, transparent complex mixture of macromolecules
ground substance
56
3 Classes of ground substance
Glycosaminoglycans
Proteoglycans
Multiadhesive glycoproteins
57
Originally called mucopolysaccharides
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
58
Formed by repeating disaccharide units usually composed of uronic acid and hexosamine
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
59
can be galactosamine or glucosamine
HEXOSAMINE
60
can be glucuronic or iduronic acid
URONIC ACID
61
The largest and most unique GAG
hyaluronic acid (or hyaluronan)
62
a viscous substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, maintain shape of eyeball
HYALURONIC ACID
63
Composed of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the GAG.
PROTEOGLYCANS
64
They are synthesized in RER, mature in the golgi and secreted by cells by exocytosis
PROTEOGLYCANS
65
have carbohydrates attached
MULTIADHESIVE GLYCOPROTEINS
66
anchor cells in position and provide traction for the movement of cells
MULTIADHESIVE GLYCOPROTEINS
67
examples of MULTIADHESIVE GLYCOPROTEINS
Fibronectin
Laminin
68
has binding sites for collagen, certain GAGs, and integrins of cell membranes
Fibronectin
69
participates in the adhesion of epithelial cells to the basal lamina, also with binding sites. *All basal laminae are rich in _______
Laminin
70
Provide strength and support for tissues
FIBERS
71
Types of Fibers
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular Fibers
72
Very tough and resistant to pulling yet allow some flexibility of the tissue
Occur in bundles made of many tiny fibrils parallel to one an other
COLLAGEN FIBERS
73
Consists of protein collagen /9most abundant protein in the body, 25% of total protein)
Found in bones, cartilages, tendons, and ligaments
COLLAGEN FIBERS
74
Smaller in diameter than collagen
Branched and joined together to form network within tissue
ELASTIC FIBERS
75
Contains protein elastin
Can be stretched upto 150% of their relaxed strength without breaking
Found in skin, blood vessel wall, lung tissue
ELASTIC FIBERS
76
Consists of protein collagen and coating of glycoprotein
RETICULAR FIBERS
77
Provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form network around fat cells, nerve fibers, skeletal and smooth muscle cells
RETICULAR FIBERS
78
Thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks
Help form the basement membrane
RETICULAR FIBERS
79
Types of Connective Tissue
Embryonic Connective Tissue
Adult Connective Tissue
80
Types of Embryonic Connective Tissue
Mesenchyme
Mucus Connective Tissue
81
Types of Adult Connective Tissue
Loose CT (Areolar)
Dense CT
Specialized CT
82
Types of Dense CT
Elastic CT
Irregular CT
Regular CT
83
Types of Specialized CT
Reticular CT
Adipose CT
84
Primarily present in the embryo or fetus
EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
85
developing human from pregnancy to first two months of pregnancy
EMBRYO
86
developing human from third month of pregnancy until birth
FETUS
87
irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance that contains delicate reticular fibers
MESENCHYME
88
star-shaped cells embedded in a viscous, jelly-like ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers
MUCUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
89
Location : deep to skin and along developing bones of embryo, some found in adult especially along blood vessels
MESENCHYME
90
Function : forms all other kinds of connective tissue
MESENCHYME
91
Location : umbilical cord of fetus
Function : support
MUCUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
92
Fibers are loosely woven and has many cells
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
93
consists of fiber (collagen, elastic, reticular) and several kinds of cells embedded in semi-fluid ground substance
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
94
Location : subcutaneous layer of skin, superficial regions of dermis, mucus membranes, blood vessels, nerves and around body organs
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
95
Function : strength, elasticity, support
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
96
Contains numerous, thicker and densely packed fibers but fewer cells
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
97
matrix looks shiny white, consists of predominantly collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles, fibroblasts present in rows between bundles
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
98
Location : forms tendons, most ligaments and aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone) and corneal stroma
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
99
Function : provides strong attachments between various structures
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE`
100
consists of predominantly collagen fibers, few fibroblasts
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
101
Location : dermis of skin, perichondrium (membrane around cartilage), periosteum (around bone), joint capsules, dura mater (outer membrane of the brain), heart valves, membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver, testes)
Function : provides strength
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
102
consists of freely branching elastic fibers, fibroblasts present between fibers
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
103
Location : lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
104
Function : allow stretching of various organs
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
105
consists of adipocytes (cells that store triglycerides) in large central area in the cytoplasm, nuclei are peripherally located
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
106
Location : subcutaneous layer of skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, around joints and behind eyeball
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
107
Function : reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports and protects
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
108
network of interlacing reticular fibers
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
109
Location : framework of liver, spleen and lymph nodes; red bone marrow
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
110
Function : forms stroma of organs, binds together smooth muscle tissue
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
111
Capable of enduring more stress to its collagen fibers
CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
112
cells of mature cartilage, occur in singly or in groups among spaces called lacunae
CHONDROCYTES
113
consists of bluish white and shiny ground substances with fine collagen fibers, numerous chondrocytes
HYALINE CARTILAGE
114
Location : ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic skeleton
HYALINE CARTILAGE
115
consists of chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers
FIBROCARTILAGE
116
Function : provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints flexibility and support
HYALINE CARTILAGE
117
Location : pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, cartilage pads ok knees
Function : support and fusion
FIBROCARTILAGE
118
consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
119
Location : epiglottis, external ear, Eustachian tube
Function : gives support and maintains shape
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
120
Comprise the skeletal system
Cartilage, joints and bone tissue
121
Types of Bone Tissue
Compact Bones
Spongy Bones
122
consists of osteons (haversian system) that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canal
Compact Bone
123
consists of thin plates called trabecullae, spaces between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow
Spongy Bones
124
Location : various bones of the body
BONE (OSSEOUS) TISSUE
125
Function : support, protection, storage, house blood-forming tissues, act with muscle tissue to facilitate movement
BONE (OSSEOUS) TISSUE
126
Connective tissue with fluid matrix called plasma which contains suspended materials known as blood cells
VASCULAR TISSUE (BLOOD)
127
consists of plasma and formed elements (blood cells)
VASCULAR TISSUE (BLOOD)
128
Location : within blood vessels
VASCULAR TISSUE (BLOOD)
129
Function : RBC transport respiratory gases ; WBC involved in phagocytosis, allergic reaction and immunity; platelets are essential for blood clotting
VASCULAR TISSUE (BLOOD)
