Module 1: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
study of microorganisms/ microbes
A
Microbiology
2
Q
smallest unicellular microorganisms
A
Bacteria
3
Q
composition of bacterial cell wall
A
Peptidoglycan (carbohydrate - protein complex)
4
Q
reproductive method of bacteria where cell divide into two equal daughter cells
A
Binary fission
5
Q
two major groups of bacteria
A
Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria
6
Q
“true bacteria,” which includes disease-causing bacteria
A
Eubacteria
7
Q
photosynthetic bacteria, formerly called “blue green algae”
A
Cyanobacteria
8
Q
where the chlorophyll of cyanobacteria are contained
A
specialized lamellae called thylakoids
9
Q
earliest type of bacteria (3.86 B years ago)
A
Archaebacteria
10
Q
archaebacteria are described as
A
extremophiles
11
Q
Archaebacteria that produce methane as a waste product from respiration
A
methanogens
12
Q
archaebacteria that live in extremely salty environments
A
halophiles
13
Q
archaebacteria that live in hot sulfurous water
A
thermophiles
14
Q
study of fungi
A
mycology
15
Q
nonmotile and non photosynthetic organisms which absorb ready-made nutrients from environment
A
Fungi
16
Q
composition of fungi cell wall
A
Chitin
17
Q
macroscopic form of fungi
A
mushrooms
18
Q
microscopic forms of fungi
A
yeasts and molds
19
Q
unicellular form of fungi
A
yeast
20
Q
reproductive method of yeast where daughter cell protrudes from parent cell and detaches
A
budding
21
Q
multicellular form of microscopic fungi
A
molds
22
Q
microscopic, fundamental unit structure of molds- threadlike filaments that may have spores
A
hyphae
23
Q
macroscopic molds, fuzzy mass of accumulated and interlaced hyphae
A
mycelium
24
Q
organisms that live at the expense of a host
A
Parasites
25
macroscopic parasites
Helminths & arthropods
26
unicellular parasites
protozoa
27
animal -like, unicellular, non-photosynthetic microorganism with no cell wall
protozoa
28
has temporary cytoplasmic extension(subphylum Sarcomastigophora, e.g. Entamoeba histolytica)
Amoeba
29
temporary cytoplasmic extension
Pseudopodia
30
has long whiplike appendage (subphylum Mastigophora, e.g. Giardia lamblia)
Flagellates
31
long whip like appendage
Flagellum
32
short hairlike processes
CIlia
33
has short hairlike processes (phylum Ciliophora, e.g. Balantidium coli)
Ciliates
34
strict immobile parasites, reproduces sexually and asexually alternately (phylum Apicomplexa)
Sporozoa
35
minute particles that parasitize living things
viruses
36
organisms that can only be observed with an electron microscope
ultramicroscopic
37
two structures constituting a virus
Nucleic acid and Capsid
38
four types of nucleic acid
ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA
39
protective protein coat of a virus consisting of repeating proteins
Capsid
40
proteins consisting a capsid
capsomeres
41
Nucleic acid core + capsid
nucleocapsid
42
outer coating of an enveloped virus
glycoproteins (virus) and lipids (host)
43
organisms that require a host cell to survive and replicate
obligate intracellular
44
viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophages (phages)
45
VIrus with naked ssRNA particles and infects only plants
Viroids
46
Misfolded protein particles that cause disease (e.g. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
Prions
47
“plant-like,” photosynthetic organisms
Algae
48
study of Algae
Phycology/ Algology
49
unicellular algae
diatoms & dinoflagellates
50
TWO human illnesses caused by algae
Protothecosis and paralytic shellfish poisoning
51
manifests as skin ulcers
Protothecosis
52
variant of green alga Chlorella causing Protothecosis
Prototheca
53
associated w/ dinoflagellates producing neurotoxins
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
54
Learning and culture stagnation
Medieval Period (5th- 15th century)
55
Era of Scientific methods and empirical observation
Modern Period (16th century)
56
advent of public health laws
Antiquity (Ancient CIvilization)
57
observed Syphilis and Typhus epidemic
Girolamo Fracastoro (Fracastorius)
58
Girolamo Fracastoro's book
De Contagione (1546)
59
Father of microbiology who first made simple microscopes to observe microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
60
First attack on spontaneous generation through meat and maggots experiment
Francesco Redi
61
disproved abiogenesis or spontaneous generation
Pasteur's Swan-necked flask experiment
62
Louis Pasteur's four contributions to microbiology
fermentation, pasteurization, attenuation, Germ theory of disease
63
sugar + yeasts → CO2 + alcohol
fermentation
64
Souring of wine is caused by which bacteria that converted alcohol to acetic acid
Acetobacter
65
mild heating to kill spoilage and microbes
Pasteurization
66
Low Temperature Holding Method/ Classical/ Batch/Bulk
63 C for 30 mins
67
High Temperature Short time/ Flash pasteurization
72 C, 15 secs
68
Ultra High Temperature pasteurization
140, 0.5 secs
69
weakening of bacteria
Attenuation
70
theory of specific disease- specific microorganism
Germ Theory of Disease
71
Father of Bacteriologic Techniques who developed method for growth of pure culture
Robert Koch
72
proposed agar to solidify culture media
Walther and Fanny Hesse
73
developed the Petri dish
Richard Petri
74
discovered that aniline dyes stain microorganism selectively
Paul Erlich
75
Koch's Postulates
A. suspected pathogen must be present in ill and absent in healthy
B. Suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
C. Cells from pure culture must cause disease in healthy animals
D. Pathogen must be reisolated and same as the original
76
dubbed “Savior of Mothers” for standardizing handwashing to reduce maternal mortality
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
77
disease that increased maternal mortality in Vienna General Hospital
Puerperal fever
78
Semmelweis proposed the use of ____ for handwashing
Chlorinated lime solution
79
Father or Aseptic surgery
Joseph Lister
80
What Lister used to clean wounds and surgical instruments
phenol or carbolic acid
81
Father of Vaccination
Edward Jenner
82
First successful vaccination
cowpox (vaccinia virus) for smallpox (variola virus)
83
Introduced concept of phagocytosis and cellular immunity
Elie Metchnikoff (Ilya Mechnikov)
84
discovered that aniline dyes not only stain microorganisms but can also kill
Paul Erlich
85
First chemotherapeutic substance used for Syphilis
Salvarsan (arsphenamine)
86
first to recognize clinical significance of antibiotics
Alexander Flemming
87
what Alexander Flemming observed
Penicillium mold preventing Staphylococcus growth
88
Study of pathogens and pathogenesis, and body’s defense against disease
Medical Microbiology
89
laboratory diagnosis, isolation & identification
Clinical or diagnostic microbiology
90
study of Infectious diseases in animals
Veterinary microbiology
91
human diseases acquired from animals
Zoonoses
92
Harmful & beneficial roles of microbiology in crops & plants
Agricultural Microbiology
93
Dairy products, breads, alcoholic beverages, plant and fish products
Food Microbiology
94
contaminating organism infects person who ingested food
Food-borne infection
95
toxin formed by microbial growth is ingested with the food, can be live or lysed bacterial cell
Food intoxication
96
purification of water supply and garbage and sewage disposal
Sanitary Microbiology
97
Detection of risk in production of food and water to prevent human transmission
Sanitary Microbiology
98
inhabit human and animal intestinal tract that indicate fecal contamination
Coliform group of bacteria
99
Antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins and other essential microorganisms for commercial enterprise
Industrial Microbiology
100
Engineering microbes with desirable traits to produce or modify products
Biotechnology
101
Microbial processes in soil, water, food
Microbial Ecology
102
Study of interrelationships between microorganisms and others and the environment
Microbial Ecology/ Environmental Microbiology
103
recycling of chemical elements by microbes for microbes
Biogeochemical cycle
104
Microorganisms in natural waters and Microbial pollution
Aquatic microbiology
105
Use of microbes for treatment of wastes, detoxification and degradation of pollutant
Bioremediation
106
species used to degrade oil in Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, 1988
Pseudomonas species
107
addition of nutrients (N & P) to speed up bioremediation
Bioaugmentation
108
Gene manipulation to produce a desired gene product
Genetic engineering
109
Study of microbial DNA, chromosomes, plasmids, and genes
Microbial Genetics
110
Classification of all living organisms
Taxonomy
111
Three distinct interrelated disciplines of taxonomy
Classification, Nomenclature, and Identification
112
Father of Taxonomy who developed the two-kingdom classification system
Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)
113
first classification system
Linnaean taxonomy
114
Created natural kingdom for microscopic organisms (three-kingdom classification)
Ernst Haeckel
115
kingdom for microscopic organisms
Protista
116
developed Five kingdom classification
Robert Whittaker
117
Five kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi (mycetae), Monera (prokaryotae)
117
Five kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi (mycetae), Monera (prokaryotae)
118
organisms that have nuclear membranes and that include animals, plants, algae, protozoa and fungi
Eukaryotic
119
organisms that lack nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic
120
organisms that live in colonies
colonial (bacteria)
121
microbes that live alone
solitary (protozoa)
122
two types of food procurement
ingestion (for protozoas and animals) and absorption (for fungi and plants)
123
two types of organism according to energy source
Phototroph and Chemotroph
124
gets energy from sunlight by photosynthesis
Phototroph
125
gets energy from oxidation of organic and inorganic chemical components
Chemotroph
126
two types of organism according to carbon source
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
127
gets carbon from CO2 (only inorganic carbon containing compound)
Autotrophs
128
Require organic compounds as C source
Heterotrophs
129
get Carbon from dead, decaying matter
Saprobes
130
Classification System based on similarities of observable traits or characteristics
Phenetic System of Classification
131
Classification System based on evolutionary relationship
phylogenetic classification system
132
Proposed three domain-system above kingdoms based on rRNA
Carl Woese
133
found in all cell types of living organisms which is the basis of classification
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
134
three domains
Bacteria (true bacteria)
Archaea (completely unlike bacteria, except for lack of nucleus)
Eukarya (has nucleus)
135
bacterial cells from single parent cells that differs slightly from other cells in same species
Strains
136
differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains
Biovar
137
differ morphologically from other strains
Morphovar
138
have different antigenic properties from other strains
Serovars
139
differ from other strains based on distinctive pathogenicity
Pathovar
140
Assignment of names to taxonomic groups
Nomenclature
141
standard reference of nomenclature
Bergey’s manual of Systematic Bacteriology
142
eight taxonomic levels
```
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Tribe
Genus
Species
```
143
binomial system of nomenclature
Genus name + Species epithet
144
Process of observing and classifying organisms into standard groups
Identification
145
standard reference for bacterial identification
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
146
Five processes involved in identification of bacteria
Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification
147
Putting bacteria in agar media
Inoculation
148
Growing the cultures
Incubation
149
Forming isolated colonies and making subcultures
Isolation
150
Observing macroscopic and microscopic morphology (appearance, size, texture)
Inspection
151
Involves staining reactions, biochemical test, immunologic & molecular tests, DNA analysis
Identification
