Module 1: Introduction To Pathology

Question 1

What Is Pathology

Answer 1

The Study of Disease. Includes cause and effect of disease, and a wide range of testing

Question 2

The Patient Journey: Well

Answer 2

Considered a healthy individual before defined as a patient. Current lifestyle serves to define the baseline of the individual’s state of wellness. If not in need of medical intervention they are considered well

Question 3

The Patient Journey: Health Decline

Answer 3

Visible decline in the individuals health. Patient typically manages by themselves or with primary care team. Could be prescribed medication

Question 4

The Patient Journey: Triage

Answer 4

Patient can not manage illness on their own so they are taken to the hospital and placed in TRIAGE.
Triage - the process of determining the severity of disease of illness, to decide priority of treatment.

Question 5

The Patient Journey: Admittance

Answer 5

Three common reasons for admittance:
- the condition is too severe to send the patient home
- The issue has not been identified
- The patient is stable, but needs to receive treatment and be monitored

Patient will then be seen by a specialist

Question 6

The Patient Journey: Diagnosis

Answer 6

Test ordered by specialists to better characterize the disease. Results used to assess patients condition and propose treatment plan.

Question 7

Point of Care Testing

Answer 7

Medical Diagnosis testing at the time and place of patient care, allowing physicians to collect real-time testing results.

Question 8

The Patient Journey: Treatment

Answer 8

Once informed of diagnosis and prognosis, treatment options are discussed
- Medication
- Minimally invasive procedure
- Surgery
- Long term medical intervention

Question 9

Prognosis

Answer 9

A medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve, worsen, or remain stable

Question 10

The Patient Journey: Palliative Care

Answer 10

If treatment is unsuccessful or unavailable, and the patient’s condition is terminal, the primary goal becomes making the patient as comfortable as possible until death. Medication administered to relieve symptoms

Question 11

The Patient Journey: Discharge

Answer 11

After successful treatment, a patient will be monitored in-hospital for a required amount of time, then discharged. Likely given prescriptions or follow up support

Question 12

The Patient Journey: Monitoring

Answer 12

Patients will be expected to check in regularly with the hospital to ensure their treatment was effective. This follow-up may last for years, and could require additional hospital visits for further testing. Ensures patient adherence to the treatment protocol

Question 13

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Etiology

Answer 13

The root cause of the disease

Question 14

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Pathogenesis

Answer 14

Etiology leads to the development of disease and the mechanism of action

Question 15

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Biochemical Changes

Answer 15

refer to the changes of
how the cells and body alter in metabolism. There may be a buildup of substances, due to the disease or a loss of essential substances needed for health

Question 16

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Morphological Changes

Answer 16

Structural or tissue changes
that occur in response to the disease. These can be seen at the cellular tissue level as changes in appearance.

Question 17

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Functional Changes

Answer 17

Symptoms associated with the disease. An example, could be a loss of mobility in a patient with arthritis

Question 18

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Testing

Answer 18

Can determine if a disease is present and also identify the specific disease itself. There are many different kinds of tests that may be used from DNA
sequencing biochemical tests, like blood glucose levels, histology performed on a tumor biopsy to look for morphological changes, and a variety of functional tests like neurological assessments. These tests may also identify the best ways to treat and manage the disease

Question 19

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Natural History

Answer 19

Progression of the disease,
which will determine the prognosis or the likely outcome for our patient

Question 20

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Treatment

Answer 20

Management and care of a patient to combat disease or disorder. This may change over the course of the disease, and maybe short or long term

Question 21

Pathology Disease Paradigm: Complications

Answer 21

Short and long term effects of the
disease itself and other factors that may impact the disease and the patient. These can include other health conditions, as well as social mental and physical factors. These complications may alter the natural history and treatment for an individual

Question 22

Indigenous Knowledge from Action

Answer 22

learning through observation, action, reflection, and further action. It is also a method for sharing and learning from direct experience, and passing
knowledge down through generations

Question 23

Indigenous Disease Knowledge and Treatment

Answer 23

ancestral knowledge contains stories of symptoms being observed within members of the community, as well as which traditional remedies were most effective in treating them

Question 24

Haudenosaunee Oral Traditions: Knowledge Keepers

Answer 24

The young members with good memory are trained as Knowledge Keepers to remember the history, treaties, and other important events for the community which they recite

Question 25

Haudenosaunee Oral Traditions: Ceremonial Speeches

Answer 25

The leaders within the longhouse and their helpers must be able to recite the ceremonial speeches that were passed down to them through the oral tradition from previous generations

Question 26

Haudenosaunee Oral Traditions: Storytelling

Answer 26

Stories are told to teach, to influence behaviour, to explain things in the natural world, and for pure enjoyment. Some require permission

Question 27

Cells

Answer 27

Basic unit of life, composed of same DNA

Question 28

Tissues

Answer 28

Groups of cells that function together are known as tissues. The cells differentiate into specialized cells to perform specific functions

Question 29

Organs

Answer 29

collection of tissue that perform a shared function

Question 30

Systems

Answer 30

Groups of organs working towards a common purpose to form a system. Cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, excretory, immune, musculoskeletal, respiratory, reproductive, and nervous are the complete list of body systems found in human

Question 31

Plasma Membrane

Answer 31

Composed of phospholipid bilayer. Some molecules diffuse through while others need transporters (ex. integral proteins) Receptor proteins found on the membrane

Question 32

Nucleus

Answer 32

- Contains genome (DNA) - DNA replication for cell division - RNA transcription

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

Adenosine Triphosphate production from break down of fats. Krebs cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 34

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 34

- Protein translated and processed - Lipid production

Question 35

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 35

Processing and packaging of proteins and other molecules into vesicles

Question 36

Lysosomes

Answer 36

Enzymes inside digest waste products and damaged cellular material, as well as destroy viruses and bacteria

Question 37

Endosomes

Answer 37

transport vesicles that sort, store, and organize contents inside our cells, as well as those entering and exiting from the outside environment

Question 38

Peroxisomes

Answer 38

breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species, as well as the molecules that produce them. These chemicals can cause a lot of damage if not neutralized by the enzyme catalase, which is predominantly found in peroxisomes

Question 38

Cytoplasm

Answer 38

fluid contained within the plasma membrane, where all of the other organelles and cellular components are found. Its chemical composition is tightly regulated, as cellular processes require specific conditions (p H, ionic concentrations, etc.)

Question 39

Cytoskeleton

Answer 39

a dense network of specialized structural filaments that add structure to otherwise shapeless cells and generates force for cellular movement. The cytoskeleton is also how the cell internally transports vesicles along its microtubules and actin filaments throughout the cytoplasm

Question 40

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Answer 40

Flow of genetic information - Replication (of DNA before cell division) - Transcription (of RNA from DNA) - Translation (into amino acid sequences)

Question 41

Gene Regulation: Expression

Answer 41

Every cell has same DNA but have different structural and functional characteristics will have different genes turned on or off, known as gene expression profiles

Question 42

Gene Expression Signals

Answer 42

Regulation allows a cell to respond to internal and environmental stimuli ex. process of environmental stimulus and protein expression 1. Stimulus ligand binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane which triggers a chain of events. 2. Bound receptor activates a cellular signalling. 3. Signalling protein that travels into the nucleus to upregulate transcription. 4. An increase in transcription is shown producing mRNA. 5. This mRNA is then translated producing a protein. 6. The mature protein is secreted from the cell

Question 43

Mutations

Answer 43

Changes in DNA sequence. Common causes are DNA damage or errors in replication. If DNA repair features fail the new sequence may lead to a change in the amino acid sequence in the protein. Mutant proteins often exhibit altered function, which may lead to disease in the body

Question 44

The Cell Cycle

Answer 44

Regulate cell growth and division

Question 45

Gap 0 Phase (G 0)

Answer 45

Not part of cell cycle. Cells enter when thy are not actively dividing. Cell types are often nerve and muscle cells

Question 46

Gap 1 Phase (G 1): Active Growth

Answer 46

Cells are active and growing. Not ready for division. Majority of cell life spent in this phase. Cells must pass checkpoint to start division process

Question 46

S Phase (S): Synthesis

Answer 46

cells replicate their entire genomes in preparation for division, so that each daughter cell will receive a full copy

Question 47

Gap 2 Phase (G 2): Cell Growth

Answer 47

last chance for cells to grow before division. DNA is checked before dividing. The total amount of cytoplasm, as well as the size of organelles like the Golgi apparatus, increases during this growth phase

Question 48

Mitosis (M): Cell Division

Answer 48

protein synthesis is halted, since the DNA must be carefully packaged in preparation of division. The endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeleton, and other organelles are all reorganized, and the nucleus dissolves. Once the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, the organelles reform. Mitosis concludes with cytokinesis, when the cell is finally divided into two separate daughter cell

Question 49

Interphase

Answer 49

The cell prepares for cell division while undergoing normal growth processes. Interphase has three stages: G1, S, and G2.

Question 50

Prophase

Answer 50

The first phase of mitosis, where chromosomes condense and centrosomes form a spindle

Question 51

Prometaphase

Answer 51

The nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 52

Metaphase

Answer 52

The nucleus dissolves, chromosomes condense, and move to the center of the cell.

Question 53

Anaphase

Answer 53

Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibres

Question 54

Telophase

Answer 54

The final phase of mitosis, where the replicated chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the pole

Question 55

Cytokinesis

Answer 55

The process that completes cell division by separating the cytoplasm of the original cell to create two genetically identical daughter cells

Question 56

Stem Cells

Answer 56

specialized cells that can divide to produce new stem cells. This process is called self renewal, and it can happen over several cell cycles. Stem cells are found in tissues throughout our bodies.

Question 56

Progenitor Cells

Answer 56

Stems cells may differentiate into progenitor cells through asymmetric ( two daughter cells arising from mitosis will be genetically identical, but their gene expression will be different) cell division. Progenitor cells have the potential to divide and differentiate into many other cell types.

Question 57

Differentiation

Answer 57

Progenitor cells divide to replace specialized cells that are damaged or lost, and must commit to only one differentiated cell type. They cannot de differentiate back into stem cells

Question 58

Tissue Renewal

Answer 58

Certain tissues are continuously dividing to replace dead or sloughed-off cells in a process known as tissue renewal. Examples of these tissues include blood cells, skin cells, and cells lining the gut. Their stem cells are constantly proliferating to replace these cells

Question 59

Necrosis

Answer 59

Dysregulated cell death caused by a severe lack of resources necessary for life, like oxygen, or due to severe trauma like freezing or physical injury. Necrosis results in the release of harmful chemicals like reactive oxygen species (R O S) and enzymes, which cause inflammation and damage to the surrounding tissue

Question 60

Apoptosis

Answer 60

Regulated cell death where the cell breaks down in a controlled manner, and the body is able to dispose of released cell components without inducing inflammation. Apoptosis also occurs frequently in the natural developmental process, when a fetus loses webbing between its fingers inside the womb