Module 1: Land Plants

Question 1

Offsprings develop from what?

Answer 1

Multicellular embryos

Question 2

Are vascular tissues present in all plants?

Answer 2

Yes, except for the Bryophytes.

Question 3

What are the four main groups of land plants?

Answer 3

Bryotphytes
Pteriodophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperms

Question 4

What are bryophytes? Give examples.

Answer 4

The informal group name for mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They are non-vascular plants, which means they have no roots or vascular tissue.

Question 5

Where do bryophytes absorb water and nutrients?

Answer 5

Leaves

Question 6

Where do bryophytes thrive?

Answer 6

Damp, shady environments

Question 7

How do bryophytes reproduce?

Answer 7

Spores

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Liverworts?

Answer 8

Flat leafy body lacking cuticle, stomata, roots, stems or leaves

Gametophyte-dominant

Question 9

What are the simplest of plants?

Answer 9

Liverworts

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the Hornworts?

Answer 10

Dominate gametophyte and have stomata

Question 11

Describe mosses.

Answer 11

Small, most have simple vascular tissue

Sporophyte with slender stalk and spore capsule “leafy” green gametophyte that lacks roots, stems and leaves

Question 12

Describe pteriodophytes. Give examples.

Answer 12

Seedless
Has vascular tissues but lack xylem and phloem
Reproduce through spores

Ex. Ferns

Question 13

Gymnosperm

Answer 13

Conifers

Question 14

Angiosperm

Answer 14

Flowering plants

Question 15

What are charophyceans?

Answer 15

The green algae most closely related to land plants.

Question 16

Five characteristics unique to land plants

Answer 16

Apical meristem – localized regions of
active cell division in roots and shoots

Embryophtes – multicellular dependent
embryos

Alternation of Generations

Walled spores produced in sporangia

Multicellular reproductive structures –
antheridia and archegonia

Question 16

Elaborate the features that distinguish land plants.

Answer 16

Plasma membranes containing rosette
cellulose – synthesizing proteins

Peroxisomes – help maximize the loss of
organic products due to photorespiration.

Flagellated sperm are similar

Cell division – formation of phragmoplast

Question 17

What do you call the multicellular haploid?

Answer 17

Gametophyte

Question 18

What do you call the multicellular diploid?

Answer 18

Sporophyte

Question 19

What are the plant cells made of?

Answer 19

Cellulose

Question 19

Define a plant.

Answer 19

Multicellular eukaryotes that are
photosynthetic autotrophs

Cell walls made of cellulose

Store surplus carbohydrates as starch

Mostly terrestrial

Question 20

What is a cellulose?

Answer 20

A tough, fibrous, and water-insoluble polysaccharide, plays an integral role in keeping the structure of plant cell walls stable.

Question 21

What is a cuticle? What type of land plant has this?

Answer 21

It is a protection from radiation and to conserve waterby being a surface cover of the plant

Bryophytes

Question 21

What are secondary plant products?

Answer 21

Small molecular weight compounds produced by secondary metabolic pathways in plants

Non-essential for normal growth and development but has benefits such as:
- defense against pathogens
- pests and herbivores or the attraction of pollinators.

Question 22

An amorphous polymer related to cellulose that provides rigidity.

Answer 22

Lignin

Question 23

What are the biological functions of lignin?

Answer 23

Water transport Mechanical support Resistance to various stresses

Question 24

One of the most chemically inert biological polymers and a major component in (exine) outer wall for plant spores and pollen grains.

Answer 24

Sporopollenin

Question 25

What is stomata?

Answer 25

Tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange

Question 26

What specialized cells surround stomata that open and closes stomatal pores?

Answer 26

Guard cells

Question 27

Elaborate the reproduction of land plants.

Answer 27

They all undergo via alternation of generations. 1. Gametophytes produce haploid gametes (egg and sperm) in gametangia by mitosis. 2. These gametes unite and fertilize = zygote 3. Develops into a sporophyte which contains diploid somatic cells 4. Sporophyte undergo meosis = four haploid cells 5. Germinate without fertilization = gametophyte

Question 28

What is a gametangia?

Answer 28

An organ or cell in which gametes are produced

Question 29

A key adaptation to the success of plants on land

Answer 29

Embryophytes

Question 30

How do plants thrive?

Answer 30

Vascular system

Question 31

Elaborate vascular system.

Answer 31

A complicated network of conducting tissues that interconnects all organs and transports water, minerals, nutrients, organic compounds, and various signaling molecules throughout the plant body.

Question 32

Xylem

Answer 32

Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves

Question 33

Phloem

Answer 33

Conducts food from the leaves to all parts of the plant

Question 34

What are vascular bundles?

Answer 34

Discrete clusters of xylem and phloem tissues that run longitudinally along the stem

Question 35

What are the vascular system of monocots?

Answer 35

Consists of vascular bundles scattered across the stem

Question 36

What are the vascular system of dicots?

Answer 36

Features vascular tissues that surround a central pith

Question 37

Define monocots.

Answer 37

Embryo with single cotyledon Pollen with single furrow or pore Flower parts in multiples of three Major leaf veins parallel Stem vacular bundles scattered Roots are adventitious Secondary growth absent

Question 37

Define monocots.

Answer 37

Embryo with single cotyledon Pollen with single furrow or pore Flower parts in multiples of three Major leaf veins parallel Stem vacular bundles scattered Roots are adventitious Secondary growth absent

Question 37

Define dicots.

Answer 37

Embryo with two cotyledons Pollen with three furrows or pores Flower parts in multiples of four or five Major leaf veins reticulated Stem vascular bundles in a ring Roots develop from radicle Secondary growth often present

Question 38

All plants are ____?

Answer 38

Monophyletic, or monophylogeny, is a term used to describe a group of organisms that are classified in the same taxon and share a most common recent ancestor.

Question 39

Elaborate the four main periods of plant evolution.

Answer 39

1. Spores toughened by sporopollenin and jacketed in gametangia that protect the gametes 2. Plant diversification in the Devonian period – earliest vascular plants lacking seeds 3. The origin of the seed 4. Emergence of flowering plants

Question 40

Discuss the origin of land plants.

Answer 40

Ancestral Green Algae Simpler Charophyceans Complex Charophyceans Bryophytes Pteridophytes (Lycophytes) Pteridophytes (Ferns, Horsetails, White ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperm

Question 41

The first plants evolved in land?

Answer 41

Pterophyta

Question 42

Measurement of largest ferns.

Answer 42

Largest ferns are 82 feet tall with fronds 16 feet long

Question 43

What do you call the leaves of pterophyta?

Answer 43

Fronds

Question 44

A tightly coiled new leaf

Answer 44

Fiddlehead

Question 45

Does pterophyte has underground stem?

Answer 45

Yes, called rhizome.

Question 46

What is dominant in vascular plants?

Answer 46

Branched sporophyte and is independent of the parent gametophyte.