Module 1: Plant Cells

Question 1

The basic units of plant structure and function

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Allows one to see small, otherwise invisible objects

Answer 2

Microscope

Question 3

What controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell?

Answer 3

Plasma Membrane

Question 4

What limits cell expansion?

Answer 4

Cell wall

Question 5

What are the boundaries of inside and outside of the cell?

Answer 5

Plasma Membrane
Cell wall

Question 6

The organelles of protein synthesis and transport

Answer 6

Nucleus
Ribosome
ER
Golgi Apparatus

Question 7

Stores and express genetic information

Answer 7

Nucleus

Question 8

Which synthesizes protein?

Answer 8

Ribosome

Question 9

Which packages protein?

Answer 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 10

Which guides the movement of proteins to compartments?

Answer 10

Golgi Apparatus

Question 11

THE ORGANELLES OF ENERGY
METABOLISM

Answer 11

Plastids
Mitochondria

Question 12

Convert light energy to chemical energy

Answer 12

Plastids

Question 13

Which makes useful forms of chemical energy?

Answer 13

Mitochondria

Question 14

Which stores substances?

Answer 14

Vacuoles

Question 15

Transport and store substances and compartmentalize reactions

Answer 15

Other organelles

Question 16

Controls form and movement within the cell

Answer 16

Cytoskeleton

Question 17

How do cells reproduce?

Answer 17

Cell division

Question 18

Which is the specialized structures within cells?

Answer 18

Organelles

Question 19

Which surrounds the cell?

Answer 19

Plasma Membrane

Question 20

What are membranes composed of?

Answer 20

Approximately half phospholipid and half protein, with a small amount of sterols, another form of lipid

Question 21

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 21

Flexible, continuous, hydrophobic (water-excluding) sheet two molecules thick This separates the aqueous solution inside the cell from that outside the cell.

Question 22

What is a cytoplasm?

Answer 22

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

Question 23

What do phospholipid bilayer prevent?

Answer 23

ions, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and other water-soluble
compounds inside the cell from leaking out and also prevents those outside the cell
from diffusing in

Question 24

Describe plasmodesmata.

Answer 24

The unusual property of plant cells which the plasma membrane on one cell extends
outward through the cell wall, forming a tube and then connecting to the plasma membrane of the next cell.

Question 25

Describe osmosis.

Answer 25

The flow of water from a relatively dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 26

What is cell wall made of?

Answer 26

It is made of microfibrils formed from a polysaccharide, cellulose.

Question 27

A linear, unbranched chain of glucose molecules

Answer 27

Cellulose

Question 28

The volume of the protoplast (the space inside the plasma membrane) will shrink, and the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell wall

Answer 28

Plasmolysis

Question 29

The cell wall that forms while the cell is growing

Answer 29

Primary Cell Wall

Question 30

After cells stop growing, some deposit an additional cell wall layer between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane

Answer 30

Secondary Cell Wall

Question 31

The effect on osmosis to cell size

Answer 31

1. The cell is assumed to have an internal concentration of solutes the same as that in the external solution. The cell protoplast is exactly the same size as the cell wall in its unstretched state. 2. The cell is transferred to pure water. Water enters the cell by osmosis, and the protoplast expands, pushing against the cell wall. The wall expands but pushes back, limiting the further influx of water. Water stops entering the cell when the pressure exerted by the cell wall equals the osmotic pressure forcing water into the cell. 3. The cell is transferred to a solution of 0.5 molar. Water moves out of the protoplast by osmosis, and the protoplast shrinks until the concentration of solutes equals 0.5 molar. The plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall. This effect is called plasmolysis. 4. Plasmolyzed Elodea cells.

Question 32

Where is lignin located?

Answer 32

Secondary Cell Wall

Question 33

Where did lignin originate or formed?

Answer 33

From subunits derived from an amino acid.

Question 34

Waxy compounds made of modified fatty acids that are especially impermeable to water.

Answer 34

Cutin and suberin

Question 35

A biological or synthetic material that has tiny holes in it allowing small particles to move through it.

Answer 35

Permeable Membrane

Question 36

What is a cutinized cell walls? Where it is found?

Answer 36

They retard the evaporation of water from the cells. They also form a barrier to potential pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Found on the surface of leaves and other organs that are exposed to the air.

Question 37

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus?

Answer 37

Nuclear envelope

Question 38

Filaments of a protein that line the inner surface of the envelope and stabilize its structure. The inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope connect to form pores, through which molecules may pass

Answer 38

Lamin

Question 39

Describe chromosomes.

Answer 39

Chromosomes are found in the nucleoplasm, which contain DNA and protein.

Question 40

One long, double-helical molecule of DNA is wound around special proteins to form a chain of nucleosomes.

Answer 40

Histones

Question 41

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.

Answer 41

Transcription

Question 42

The process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds. It is essentially a translation from one code (nucleotide sequence) to another code (amino acid sequence).

Answer 42

Translation

Question 43

Describe nucleolus.

Answer 43

Primarily, it takes part in the production of subunits that unites to form ribosomes. Hence, nucleolus plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins and in the production of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells.

Question 44

Where are nucleolus found?

Answer 44

Nucleoplasm

Question 45

Where are ribosomes formed from?

Answer 45

Ribosomal DNA and special proteins and found in cytoplasm.

Question 46

Where are the active ribosomes clustered?

Answer 46

Polyribosomes

Question 47

Closed structure (or several closed structures); therefore, solute molecules cannot move from the cytoplasm into the inside (the lumen) expect by passing through the membrane.

Answer 47

ER

Question 48

Responsible of making proteins called 'translation'.

Answer 48

Rough ER

Question 49

Functions in many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids.

Answer 49

Smooth ER

Question 50

A small sphere of membrane-containing proteins that bud off from the ER and can carry the proteins to other locations in the cell.

Answer 50

Vesicles

Question 51

Describe Golgi Apparatus.

Answer 51

Looks like a stack of membranous, flattened bladders, called "cisternae" Directs the flow of proteins and other substances from the ER to their destinations in the cell.

Question 52

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

Answer 52

Endomembrane system

Question 52

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

Answer 52

Endomembrane system

Question 53

One cell may have ____ plastids.

Answer 53

20-50

Question 54

They contain DNA and ribosomes--a full protein-synthesizing system similar but not identical to the one in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Answer 54

Plastids

Question 55

What is a chloroplast?

Answer 55

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.

Question 56

What is a thylakoid?

Answer 56

An elaborate array of a membrane that traps light energy and the transduction of this energy into the chemical energy forms, ATP and NADPH. During this process, water is oxidized and oxygen is released.