{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Brainscape", "url": "https://www.brainscape.com/", "logo": "https://www.brainscape.com/pks/images/cms/public-views/shared/Brainscape-logo-c4e172b280b4616f7fda.svg", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/Brainscape", "https://x.com/brainscape", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/brainscape", "https://www.instagram.com/brainscape/", "https://www.tiktok.com/@brainscapeu", "https://www.pinterest.com/brainscape/", "https://www.youtube.com/@BrainscapeNY" ], "contactPoint": { "@type": "ContactPoint", "telephone": "(929) 334-4005", "contactType": "customer service", "availableLanguage": ["English"] }, "founder": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andrew Cohen" }, "description": "Brainscape’s spaced repetition system is proven to DOUBLE learning results! Find, make, and study flashcards online or in our mobile app. Serious learners only.", "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", "streetAddress": "159 W 25th St, Ste 517", "addressLocality": "New York", "addressRegion": "NY", "postalCode": "10001", "addressCountry": "USA" } }

module 1: measuring health and dis-ease in populations Flashcards

lectures 1-12 (44 cards)

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

The study of frequency (or occurrence) of dis-ease in different populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does “dis-ease” mean?

A

Any health related event or health-related ‘state’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an occurrence

A

The transition from a non-diseased state to a dis-eased state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do epidemiologists define health & dis-ease?

A

Narrow: the absence of death, disease or disability
Broad: the capacity to do what matters most to you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a population?

A

Any group of people who share a common factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the visual components of the GATE frame?

A

Triangle, Circle, Square, Arrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the triangle represent in the GATE frame?

A

The participant (or study) population
Divided into 3 parts:
Setting, eligible population, number of study population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the circle represent in the GATE frame?

A

Specific sub-denominators (exposure group and comparison group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the square represent in the GATE frame?

A

The numberators (dis-ease outcomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the arrow represent in the GATE frame?

A

Time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to deal with numerical data in GATE frame?

A

They can be converted to categorical data or average values can be calculated as dis-ease occurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is incidence?

A

The measure of onsets of dis-ease occurring during a period of time from the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is prevalence

A

A measure of the number of people with dis-ease at a point of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is PECOT

A

Population, Exposure/Comparison groups, Outcomes, Time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the components of RAMBOMAN

A

Recruitment error
Allocation error
Maintenance error
Blind or objective measurement
Analyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the types of epidemiological studies

A

Individual participant cohort study
Individual participant RCTs
Individual participant Cross-sectional study
Ecological studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the properties of individual participant RCTs

A

Longitudinal, experimental
Random allocation minimises confounding
Ethical limitations
Expensive, small studies
Often combined in a meta-analysis (due to high random error)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the properties of individual participant cohort studies

A

Longitudinal, observational,
Allocation by measurement
Cheaper than RCTs
Confounding common
Maintenance error common

19
Q

Describe the properties of individual participant cross-sectional studies

A

Measures prevalence
Observational
Allocation by measurement and prevalence measured at same time
No maintenance error
Possible reverse causality and confounding

20
Q

What are the properties of ecological studies

A

Investigates international trends (incidence and prevalence)
Cheaper and quicker than other studies because data is already collected
Low random error
Confounding and measurement error common

21
Q

What is the equation for RR and RD

A

RR = EGO/CGO
RD = EGO-CGO

22
Q

What is confounding

A

When the exposure is mixed with another factor that is also associated with the outcome

23
Q

What is the criteria in the Bradford Hill Framework

A
  1. Temporality
  2. Strength of association
  3. Reversibility
  4. Biological gradient (dose-response)
  5. Biological plausability of association
  6. Consistency of association
  7. Specificity of association
23
Q

What is the definition of a 95% confidence interval (95% CI)

A

There is about a 95% chance that the true value in a population lies within the 95% confidence interval

24
What is temporality
The cause must come first before the disease Essential to establish a causal relation
25
What is strength of association
The stronger an association, the more likely to be causal in absence of known biases
26
What is reversibility
Under controlled conditions, a change in exposure results in a change in outcome (removing outcome)
27
What is Biological gradient (dose-response)
Incremental change in disease rates in conjunction with corresponding changes in exposure
28
What is biological plausibility
Does the association make sense biologically?
28
What is consistency of association
Replication of the findings by different researchers at different times, in different places, with different methods
29
What is specificity of association
A cause leads to a single effect An effect has a single cause
30
What is a 'cause' for an individual in health
Any event, characteristic or other definable entity, that brings about a change for better or worse in health
31
How does the 'causes of the causes' differ for populations compared to individuals
Determinants of health in populations are related to the context in which the population exists
32
What are downstream interventions
Interventions occurring at the micro level including treatment systems and disease management
33
What are upstream interventions
Interventions operating at the maco level, such as government policies and international trade agreements
34
What is a proximal determinant
A determinant of health that is near to the change in health status
35
What is a distal determinant
A determinant of health that is either distant in time and or place from the change in health status (i.e upstream factors)
36
What is level 1 of the Dahlgren and Whitehead model?
The individual: Age, sex and constitutional factors that are non-modifiable Individual lifestyle factors
37
What is level 2 of the Dahlgren and Whitehead model?
The community: Social and community networks & living and working conditions
38
What is level 3 of the Dahlgren and Whitehead model
The environment: General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions Examples: Physical environment - water quality Built environment - infrastructure Cultural environment - knowledge, beliefs and values Biological environment - disease and toxins The ecosystem - biodiversity, climate change Political environment - government approaches to health
39
What are the components of the Living Standards Framework
Our individual and Collective wellbeing Our Institutions and Governance The Wealth of Aotearoa
40
What are the Four Capitals in The Wealth of Aotearoa
Natural capital - aspects of the natural environment Human capital - people's skills, knowledge and physical/mental health Social capital - norms and values that underpin society Financial/Physical capital - all things like houses, roads, infrastructure etc.
41
What is structure?
Social and physical environmental conditions and patterns that influence choices and opportunities available
42
What is agency?
The capacity of an individual to act independently to make free choices