Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

williams poplhlth (maintenance error) > module 3+: population health case studies > Flashcards

module 3+: population health case studies Flashcards

lectures 27 > (61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the reasons for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project

A

Data on the burden of disease (and injury) from many countries were incomplete
Available data largely focused on deaths; kittle information on non-fatal outcomes (i.e disability)
Lobby groups can give a distorted image of which problems are most important
The same approach is beneficial to decide which conditions are most important and which strategies may be the “best buys”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the aims of the GBD project

A

To use a systemic approach to summarise the burden of diseases and injury at the population-level based on epidemiological principles and best available evidence
To take account of deaths as well as non-fatal outcomes when estimating the burden of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the specific measure developed in the GBD project

A

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

A

The summary measure of population health that combines data on premature mortality (fatal) and non-fatal health outcomes to represent the health of a particular population as a single value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the equation for DALY

A

DALY = Years of life lost (YLL) + Years lived with disability (YLD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is YLL data measure

A

Represents mortality - The years lost due to premature death caused by a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the data points reuqired to calculate YLL

A

Number of deaths from the disease in a year
Years lost per death relative to an ‘ideal’ age (average life expectancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is YLD data measure

A

Represents morbidity -Counts the years lived with the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the data points required to calculate YLD

A

Number of cases with non-fatal outcome with the disease
Average duration of non-fatal outcome until recovery / death
Disability weight (subjective!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the major gains of the DALY approach in informing priority setting globally

A

Drew attention to previously hidden burden of mental health problems and injuries as major public health problems
Recognises Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) as a major and increasing problem in LMICs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main challenges in using DALYs to quantify the burden of ‘disability’

A

Disability weights do not account for the context and realities in which people live in. (Do not vary with a person’s social position, where they live etc)
The GBD project may represent people with disabilities as a ‘burden’ - stigmatisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the medical model of disability

A

Focuses on individual impairment: the physical limitation, needing medical assistance or specialised devices to participate in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the social model of disability

A

Focuses on societal barriers and attitudes: the inaccessible environment and the social, physical environmental barriers in society. The solution is to remove barriers and create inclusive environments where everyone can participate fully.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 different response strategies for a pandemic

A

Control: reduce to an acceptable endemic level using feasible means
Elimination: reduce to zero in a country or region for porlonged periods (eradication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does mitigation and suppression mean of a pandemic

A

Mitigation - reduce to avoid overwhelming the healthcare system
Suppression - reduce to minise negative health impacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is surveillance

A

Public health surveillance is the continuous, systemic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data (WHO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is surveillance important in a pandemic

A

Serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health problems
Enables monitoring and evaluation of interventions
Monitors and clarifies the epidemiology of health problems, priority-setting and planning of strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three essential considerations for effective communications

A

Channels: relevant, accessible, trustworthy
Message: appropriate, co-designed, test
Messenger: trusted, credible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Reff of a disease

A

The mean number of additional infections caused by an initial infection at a specific point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the global trends in leading causes of DALYs from 1990 –> 2019

A

Increased rates of NCDs, decreased rates of Perinatal and CDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is epidemiological transition

A

The shift in common causes of death and disability from perinatal and communicable diseases to NCDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is risk transition

A

The changes in trisk factor profiles as countries shift from low to higher income countries, where common risks for CDs are replaced by risks for NCDs

(increasing risks for NCDs and decreasing risks for CDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a double burden of disease

A

When countries experience risks for CDs coexisting with risks for NCDs simultaneously
LMIC countries face a double burden of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What population groups are most affected by NCDs?

A

Populations living in poverty
Those living in LMICs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What role does the commercial sector play in NCD epidemic?
The commercial sector (an upstream determinant) creates the uneven distribution of risks; therefore an unequal NCD epidemic
26
How have commerically driven epidemics come to be?
Social norms changed (marketing to target vulnerable populations, they change physical and social environments) A greater emphasis on downstream strategies has put equity in public health at risk (behavioural change is difficult)
27
What are strategies used by the industry
Shaping the evidence Employing narratives and framing techniques Constituency building Policy substitution, development, implementation Big money behind harmful products
28
Why is there inertia in implementing policies against industries
Political timidity Conflicts of interest Belief in education approaches and market solutions Unwilling to battle industry Industry opposition Lack of sufficient public demand for policies
29
Define 'industrial epidemic'
An increase in diseases arising from overconsumption of unhealthy commercial products
30
For a country entering the obesity epidemic - who gets fatter first?
Women, urban, low income, middle-aged
31
Describe the obesity transition
The obesity transition is the predictable shift in obesity patterns that occur with economic development: from being a problem mainly of the wealthy, to a widespread public health issue most affecting lower socioeconomic groups, often alongside continued undernutrition
32
Define obesogenic environments
The sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities, or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations
33
What are the 4 obesogenic environment types
Physical, economic, Policy, Socio-cultural
34
What are the determinants of obesity
Drivers - changes over time drive changes in outcomes over time Mediators - factors through which the drivers operate Moderators - factors which accentuate or attenuate the trends
35
What are examples of drivers, mediators and moderators
Drivers - changes in national wealth, neoliberism, dominance of ultra-processed food companies Mediators - changes in food environments, screen environments Moderators - socio-cultural factors, built environment
36
What are some prevention policies for obesity in NZ
Voluntary healthy food policies in schools Healthy food policies in early childhood settings (poorly implemented) Front of pack labelling (only ~30% uptake) Healthy school lunch programme (yes, but scaled back)
37
In terms of right to health, what are states obliged to do?
Respect (no discrimination), protect (no interference from 3rd parties) and fulfil (e.g adopt measures to achieve equity)
38
What are the major rights-based instruments in New Zealand related to Māori health
The Code of Health & Disability Service Consumer's Rights NZ Public Health & Disability Act Pae Ora Act Te Tiriti o Waitangi UN Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples
39
Describe the prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally, in recent times
Increased number of people living with HIV, decline in deaths and new infections of HIV/AIDS
40
What percentage of HIV+ people do not know their HIV status
15%
41
Describe 'feminisation' of the HIV epidemic
The obeservation that increasing proportions of new infections are among women, primarily due to heterosexual transmission of the infection
42
What are the high risk groups of HIV transmission
Homosexual men Sex workers Injecting drug users Those receiving injections with un-sterilised needles Infants born to or breast fed by untreat
43
What are some social determinants (upstream) of HIV epidemic
Harmful social norms that promote harmful power dynamics Early school drop-out, poverty and financial dependance Lower access to health services
44
What are interventions for gender inequities and harmful social norms (to control HIV/AIDS)
Empower women, educate men Enable opportunities for education and financial independence Change social norms around harmful power dynamics, gender-based violence, stigma and discrimination Improve health literacy Improve access to sexual and reproductive health services
45
What are interventions for safer sex (to control HIV/AIDS)
Media campaigns and wider policy strategies to reduce stigma and discrimination Educational approaches re risks: teachers, peers, workplaces Promote use, increase availability of condoms / reduce cost
46
What are interventions for safer blood products to control HIV/AIDS
Screen blood products for HIV Needle and syringe exchange programmes for IV drug users Protect against needle-stick injuries
47
How to increase access to healthcare to control HIV/AIDS
Voluntary testing and counseling to reduce risk of sexual transmission Treatment, care and support for HIV+ people Treatment of sexually transmitted infections and provision of family planning services Antenatal screening and treatment for HIV to prevent Mother-to-Child transmission
48
Why is plant-based food better in terms of climate change impacts
Lower emissions per unit of protein Also much more efficient land use Less water use and pollution
49
What are actions that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Shifting diets to a plant-based diet Warm, energy-efficient housing Reduce urban sprawling Make urban cities more compact; reduced private vehicle use and more active transport
50
What are co-benefits of improved climate action
Cleaner air and rivers, healtheir native forests Healthier diets Healthier homes More liveable cities Greater use of physical/active transport
51
Describe the triple dividend of investment in adolescent health
Benefits for adolescents now Benefits for their future adult lives Benefits for their children
52
Describe the framework of child wellbeing
Outcomes: mental well-being, skills, physical health The world of the child The world around the child The world at large
53
What is the inverse care law
The availability of good medical care tends to be inversely proportional with the need for it in the population served. Or simply: Those who need healthcare the most often have the least access to good quality medical care
54
What is personally-mediated racism
Prejudice and dscrimination based on race/ethnicity
55
What is perceived ethnicity
The ethnicity others perceive one to be based on one's skin colour, dress, accent etc
56
What is the 'snowflake' hypothesis in mental health
Factors of young people in early childhood such as increased parental monitoring, financial stress and geopolitical polarisation has lead to less resilience when growing up.
57
What is the 'igen' hypothesis
The hypothesis that the increased use of social media and smart phones in adolescents can lead to poor mental health Factors include decline in exercises, less interpersonal interactions, reduced sleep, bullying Increased perfectionism, exceptionalist views, indiivudal achievement Increased racism and discrimination
58
What is the 'Doomer' hypothesis
The idea that people feel a sense of fear and hopelessness about the future due to global crises, example: Job insecurities, housing affordability, climate crisis, poltiical polarisation, disinformation and misinformation
59
What are limitations of the Youth2000 survey series
Recruitment bias (external validity error) Does not include young people who are not at school; who may be at higher risk of socio-economic disadvantage and adverse health outcomes
60
What aspect of the Bradford Hill criteria is uncertain in the Youth2000 surveys
Temporality - difficult to examine a causal relationship
61
What are major strengths and limitations of using technology to collect data (e.g Youth2000)
Strengths: More likely to provide honest answesr - less measurement bias More likely to complete the survey as they feel more engaged Limitations: Language barriers or disabilities may not complete the survey Anonymity - Cannot identify at risk or vulnerable individuals

williams poplhlth (maintenance error) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions