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MEDSCI 142 > Module 1 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 1 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

human vs other mammalian brain

A
  • fundamental organisation same (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)
  • human larger, more complex (esp forebrain for wide range of complex behavioural/cognitive functions)
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2
Q

lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
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3
Q

premotor / planning cortex function

A

execution of movement

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4
Q

exner’s area function

A

responsible for hand movement

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5
Q

frontal eye fields function

A

responsible for eye movement

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6
Q

broca’s area function

A

responsible for speech
- only localised in left

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7
Q

frontal association cortex function

A
  • intelligence
  • personality
  • behaviour
  • mood
  • cognitive function
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8
Q

homunculus

A

“small human”
- map representing sensory/motor neurons in each body part

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9
Q

broca’s / motor / nonfluent aphasia

A

can’t speak but can give written response
- previously considered psychiatric

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10
Q

supramarginal gyrus function

A

reading

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11
Q

angular gyrus function

A

writing

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12
Q

SMAGLA function

A

learning areas
- language
- planning
- handwriting
- eye movement (e.g when reading)

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13
Q

parietal association cortex function

A
  • spatial skills
  • 3D recognition
    – shapes
    – faces
    – concepts
    – abstract perception (e.g written words)
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14
Q

primary auditory cortex function

A

responsible for breaking sounds up into different tones/timings

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15
Q

wernicke’s area function

A

responsible for interpretation of speech

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16
Q

temporal association cortex function

A
  • memory
  • mood
  • aggression
  • intelligence
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17
Q

secondary visual cortex function

A

makes things up to make sense

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18
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A
  • bundle of white matter
  • goes inside and comes out at broca’s
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19
Q

connectional aphasia

A

can understand/fluent but can’t connect
- speech has no correlation to what is understood
- difficult to find whether it’s dysfunctional
e.g dyslexia

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20
Q

components of hindbrain

A
  • pons
  • medulla (oblongata)
  • cerebellum
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21
Q

components of brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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22
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter that takes info between right/left side of brain
=> coordination that allows e.g catching ball with both hands
- large in humans/primates while different animals have other ways

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23
Q

left hemisphere (dominant hemisphere)

A

dominant hemisphere for language
- only 20% of left handed people are right side dominant

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24
Q

right hemisphere function

A
  • Non-verbal language (e.g. body language)
  • Emotional expression (tone of language)
  • Spatial skills (3D)
  • Conceptual understanding
  • Artistic/Musical skills
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25
Q

effects of injury on right hemisphere

A
  • Loss of non-verbal language
  • Speech - lacks emotion
  • Spatial disorientation
  • Inability to recognise familiar objects
  • Loss of musical appreciation
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26
Q

sensory info path

A

skin -> spinal cord -> brain

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27
Q

motor info path

A

brain -> spinal cord -> skin

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28
Q

dermatome

A

map in the body that indicates the area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

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29
Q

protective structures of spinal cord

A

1) vertebrae of vertebral column
2) cerebrospinal fluid
3) meninges

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30
Q

meninges

A

three protective, connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain
- pia mater
- arachnoid mater
- dura mater

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31
Q

pia mater feature

A

so tightly bound to spinal cord that they can’t dissociate

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32
Q

nerves in the spinal cord

A

1) 8 cervical nerves
2) 12 thoracic nerves
3) 5 lumbar nerves
4) 5 sacral nerves
5) coccygeal nerve
=> 31 paired nerves

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33
Q

cervical nerves

A

8 spinal nerves despite 7 vertebrae
- out from vertebrae to local area
- greatest narrowing here

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34
Q

thoracic nerves

A

each corresponds to each thoracic vertebra AND paired with each rib

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35
Q

spinal cord ends at

A

lumbar vertebra 1

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36
Q

cauda equina

A

all below lumbar vertebra 1
- good place for anaesthetics as needle less likely to hit spinal cord and cause permanent damage

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37
Q

sacral nerves

A

5 fused vertebra
=> saccrum

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38
Q

coccygeal nerve

A

coccyx
- semiarticulated point

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39
Q

neurons in cauda equina

A

bathed in cerebrospinal fluid

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40
Q

anatomical location of motor and sensory components

A

motor component located anatomically in front and sensory component at back as motor cortex in front of sensory cortex

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41
Q

nondiscriminitive (pain and temperature)

A

less frequently used
- free nerve endings (no encapsulation)
- unmyelinated
- 1 ms-1 conduction velocity
- synapses at opioid receptor

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42
Q

opioid receptor

A
  • specific for unmyelinated neurons
  • can readily cause neurons to shut down
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43
Q

discriminitive sensation information

A

ability to tell two different points of touch apart
- depends on proportion of space taken up by primary somatosensory homunculus

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44
Q

discriminitive (touch and pressure)

A
  • pseudounipolar neurons
  • encapsulated end
  • myelinated
  • 50 ms-1 conduction velocity
  • some go into grey matter and other in white matter
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45
Q

if discriminitive have no myelin

A

neurons wear themselves out due to energy required to conduct

46
Q

corpuscle for touch

A

meissner’s corpuscle

47
Q

corpuscle for pressure

A

paccinian corpuscle

48
Q

convergence

A

where one neuron picks up info from hundreds of neurons
=> way of keeping spinal cord much smaller

49
Q

column

A

bundle of white matter

50
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

big group of cell bodies related to dorsal root

51
Q

ventral root

A

carry motor info out to muscle

52
Q

lateral motor columns/funinculus

A

info from brain to spinal cord

53
Q

area 8+9 (motor neuron pool)

A

where lower motor neurons are (join to brain)

54
Q

intermediate area

A
  • balance, posture, returning back to midline
  • autonomic nervous system (nervous supply to and from organ): beating heart, bladder, gastrointestinal
55
Q

area 3+4 (nucleus proprius)

A

proprioception: ability to tell what’s happening in peripheries
- areas 3 and 4 are functionally same due to same cell type

56
Q

area 1+2

A
  • where pain/temperature fibres are found
  • gelatinous
57
Q

ventral funinculus

A

responsible for pain and temperature

58
Q

cuneate fasciculus

A

carries upper limb info

59
Q

gracile fasciculus

A

carries lower limb info

60
Q

configuration of cuneate/gracile fasciculus

A

depends on where on the spinal cord
e.g don’t need area for arms at lower end of spinal cord

61
Q

myotactic reflex

A

happens without brain knowing
- e.g when walking
fastest reflex

62
Q

two sensory systems

A

1) dorsal column - medial lemniscal system
2) lateral spinothalamic pathway

63
Q

dorsal column - medial lemniscal system

A
  • pathway for discriminative sensation
  • decussates at internal arcuate fibres
  • primary neuron synapses at cuneate/gracile nuclei
  • secondary neuron goes through medial lemniscus in pons
  • secondary neuron synapses at ventro-posterior nuclei in thalamus
  • tertiary neuron goes through internal capsule
64
Q

thalamus

A

determines what the cortex will understand given everything else that’s going on

65
Q

tract of lissauer

A

transparent due to no coloured myelin

66
Q

lateral spinothalamic pathway

A
  • pathway for pain and temperature
  • decussates at anterior white commissure
  • primary neuron synapses at area 1+2
  • secondary neuron goes through spinothalamic tract
  • secondary neuron synapses at ventro-posterior nuclei in thalamus
  • tertiary neuron goes through internal capsule
67
Q

discriminative and nondiscriminative pathways come back together

A

for the first time at the level of pons

68
Q

lesion

A

damage; tumour; abnormal area of tissue that may get bigger

69
Q

lesion in brain/brainstem (right side)

A

loss of:
- left touch and pressure
- left pain and temperature
same side as both have already decussated
=> associative sensory loss

70
Q

lesion in spinal cord (right side)

A

loss of:
- right touch and pressure (left unaffected)
- left pain and temperature
opposite sides as only pain and temperature has decussated
=> dissociative sensory loss

71
Q

left spastic paralysis

A
  • primary motor cortex (located in precentral gyrus in frontal lobe) damage
  • right hemisphere
72
Q

loss of sensation in left hand

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex (located in postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe) damage
  • right hemisphere
73
Q

loss of hearing in left ear

A
  • primary auditory cortex (located in superior temporal gyrus) damage
  • right hemisphere
74
Q

problems with non-verbal communication

A
  • non-dominant (right for most) hemisphere damage
  • parietal association cortex most likely affected
75
Q

motor system of brain function

A

voluntary movement

76
Q

Betz cells / pyramidal neurons dimensions

A
  • 1.2 m long (longest fibre - down to spinal cord)
  • cell body 160 microns (average cell in brain is 20 microns)
77
Q

lesion in brainstem

A
  • LMN work under reflex control
  • stiffening
  • spastic paralysis
78
Q

spastic paralysis

A
  • can’t control level of pressure
  • rigidity/unable to relax
79
Q

lesion in spinal cord

A
  • LMN affected
  • flaccid paralysis
80
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

no control

81
Q

lesion in left part of cerebellum

A

uncoordinated movement on left

82
Q

lesion in left basal ganglia

A

unrefined movement on right

83
Q

5 nuclei in basal ganglia

A

in the forebrain:
1) caudate nucleus
2) putamen
3) globus pallidus
4) subthalamic nucleus
in the midbrain:
5) substantia nigra

84
Q

basal ganglia circatory

A

responsible for fine movement control
e.g writing, shaping mouth for speech

85
Q

striatum

A

caudate nucleus + putamen fused together (can’t pull apart) => difficult to distinguish between the components

86
Q

thalamus

A

not part of basal ganglia but part of circuit
- informed about upcoming movements in the basal ganglia
- happens before pyramidal pathway

87
Q

pyramidal pathway aka

A

corticospinal tract

88
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • 85-90% of brain’s dopamine produced
  • big component of midbrain
89
Q

segments of globus pallidus

A

external and internal segments
- act like different nuclei

90
Q

globus pallidus

A

pale circular structure

91
Q

putamen

A

technically connected to caudate nucleus

92
Q

cerebellum and spinal cord

A

direct output to spinal cord

93
Q

cerebellum function

A
  • adjust movement to account for discrepancy between planned/actual movement
  • maintain balance
  • coordinate, map, terminate movement and work with unconscious movement
  • ability to stop movement at specific point
94
Q

basal ganglia system and spinal cord

A

no direct input/output to spinal cord

95
Q

basal ganglia system function

A
  • initiation of movement
  • refining for more controlled, smoother, precise movement after practice
  • convey mood through movement
  • strategy for when plan goes wrong
96
Q

parkinson’s disease symptoms

A
  • difficulty initiating movement
  • bradykinesia / hypokinesia
  • tremor at rest
  • stiffness / rigidity
  • emotionally flat mood
97
Q

parkinson’s disease pathology

A

60-80% of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra are gone
=> 3 inhibitory neurons in striatum unable to be activated
=> inhibitory neurons from internal segment of globus pallidus uncontrolled (always active)
=> hypoexcitability of neurons from thalamus to premotor cortex
=> hypoactivity

98
Q

parkinson’s disease treatment

A

1) levodopa drug
2) pallidotomy
3) thalamotomy
4) deep brain stimulation

99
Q

levodopa drug

A
  • precursor to dopamine
  • allows remaining 20% of cells to produce dopamine
100
Q

high dopamine levels

A
  • depression
  • psychosis (e.g hallucination)
  • excessive reward
101
Q

low dopamine levels

A
  • rigidity
  • stiffness
102
Q

parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

A
  • high dopamine level symptoms = schizophrenia symptoms = parkinson’s disease patients on levodopa drug
  • low dopamine level symptoms = parkinson’s disease symptoms = schizophrenic patients on drugs
103
Q

pallidotomy

A

surgical procedure that cause lesions to internal globus pallidus to destroy parts that generate tremors/muscle rigidity (overactive inhibitory cells)

104
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

using electrical currents released by implanted electrodes (from a probe) to restore movement control
- either subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus interna

105
Q

corticospinal tract

A

pyramidal neuron at motor cortex -> goes through internal capsule -> corticospinal tract (pons) -> deviate from column into bunds to bend around pontine nuclei -> lower medulla -> 85% cross over at pyramidal decussation -> lateral motor column -> motor neuron pool OR 15% anterior corticospinal tract -> decussate at anterior white commissure (spinal segmental level) -> motor neuron pool

106
Q

85% of motor neurons

A

typically innervate peripheral skeletal muscles of limbs and trunk

107
Q

15% of motor neurons

A

typically innervate large, course muscles of axial skeleton

108
Q

motor neurons to face

A

exit pons to face

109
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower body

110
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of neck down

111
Q

ataxia

A

impaired coordination => cerebellum

MEDSCI 142 (8 decks)

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