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HEMA 256 > Module 1: Normal Blood Component, Production and Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Module 1: Normal Blood Component, Production and Erythrocytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Interleukin-1

A

Produced by monocytes and macrophages

Activate and stimulate cytokine production by T lymphocytes and bone marrow stromal cells

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2
Q

Interleukin-3

A

Produced by T lymphocytes

Induce differentiation and mitosis of the CFU-S into either the CFU-GEMM or CFU-L

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3
Q

Interleukin-5

A

Produced by T lymphocytes

Induces eosinophil growth and function

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4
Q

Granulocyte/Monocyte Stimulating Factor

A

Produced by bone marrow stromal cells
Induces differentiation and mitosis of the CFU-GEMM into CFU-Eo, CFU-GM, CFU-baso, BFU-E, and BFU-meg
Stimulates phagocytic and cytotoxic functions of neutrophils and macrophages

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5
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Produced by kidney cells in response to low O2
Induces maturation and mitosis in the erythroid line of cells
EPO over long time periods induces increased production of other myeloid cells

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6
Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

A

Produced by liver cells

Induces maturation and mitosis in the megakaryoblasts

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7
Q

Myeloid cells

A

Normally produced exclusively in bone marrow

All cells except lymphocytes (erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes)

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8
Q

Non-myeloid cells

A

Mature outside the bone marrow

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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10
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes, lymphocytes (T cells, B cells)

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11
Q

Medullary hematopoiesis

A

Normal production of myeloid cells in bone marrow

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12
Q

Extra-medullary hematopoiesis

A

Production of myeloid cells outside the marrow
Abnormal in adults
Back up system
Liver and spleen become enlarged

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13
Q

Mesoblastic phase

A

2-12 weeks gestation
Primitive blood cells formed in yolk sac
By end of 4th week: blood vessels and heart grow, heart pumps blood

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14
Q

Hepatic phase

A 
6 weeks gestation - 2 weeks postpartum
Liver and spleen
RBCs, then granulocytes, then monocytes
Start of lymphocytes in lymph nodes
8th week - start of bone marrow formation
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15
Q

Myeloid phase

A

20 weeks gestation - death
Lymphocytes in lymph nodes
All other cells in bone marrow
Liver and spleen retain potential for hematopoiesis, inactive

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16
Q

Location of red bone marrow in adults

A

Iliac crests of pelvis
Sternum
Proximal ends of long bones
Spinous processes of vertebrae

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17
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Active - much hematopoiesis

Fat cells ~= developing blood cells

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18
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Inactive - little hematopoiesis

Few blood cells, lots of fat

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19
Q

Liver functions in adults

A

Extra-medullary hematopoiesis
Protein synthesis and transport
Vitamin and mineral storage for DNA/RNA synthesis
Hemoglobin breakdown

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20
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ
Cell production in hepatic phase + extra-medullary hematopoiesis
Removal of old/damaged RBCs (discriminating filter)
Platelet storage

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21
Q

Findings in post-splenectomy stained blood

A

^ platelet count
^ damaged cells (poikilocytosis)
^ denatured Hb inside RBCs (bite cells, Heinz bodies)
^ retained nuclear material in young cells (Howell-Jolly bodies)

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22
Q

Thymus

A

T-lymphocyte production and maturation

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23
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Formation of new lymphocytes

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24
Q

Reticulum cell

A

Most immature

Mesenchymal stem cell

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25
CFU-S
Colony forming unit - stem | Pluripotential blood stem cell
26
CFU-L
Colony forming unit - lymphoid
27
CFU-GEMM
Colony forming unit - granulocyte, erythroid, monocyte, megakaryocyte Also called myeloid stem cell
28
Blast cells
Earliest stages of blood cells recognizable as precursor to a particular cell line Undergo periodic mitosis Indicate serious disorder if found in blood
29
Growth factors
Proteins that bind to specific receptors | Activate proliferation and/or maturation
30
Cytokines
Multi-function chemical mediators | Locally secreted
31
Lymphokine
Cytokine produced by lymphocytes
32
Monokine
Cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages
33
Colony stimulating factor (CSF) and interleukins (IL)
Secreted by macrophages, lymphocytes, bone, marrow stromal cells
34
Effective hematopoiesis
85% or more of developing blood cells successfully produced and released into blood
35
4 ways bone marrow increases cell production
Releasing immature forms Increasing number of mitoses Decreasing maturation time between mitoses from 8 to 5 days Expanding to extramedullary
36
Blood cell size increases/decreases with maturation
Decreases
37
Nucleoli in mature cells
Not present
38
Colour change during cellular maturation
Progresses from darker blue to lighter blue, blue-gray or pink
39
Granulation changes during maturation
Progresses from no granules to nonspecific to specific granules
40
Changes in vacuoles during maturation
Increase
41
Nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) asynchrony or dyspoiesis
Development out of sync | Suggests metabolic disorder in developing cells
42
Order of cells in erythrocyte series
``` Pronormoblast Basophilic normoblast Polychromatic normoblast Orthochromatic normoblast Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte ```
43
Pronormoblast - size, nucleus, cytoplasm
``` Also called rubriblast - 1st stage 14-24 um Nucleus: reddish-purple unclumped chromatin 0-2 nucleoli N/C ratio: 8:1-6:1 Cytoplasm: Small, deep blue, no granules ```
44
Basophilic normoblast - size, nucleus, cytoplasm
Also called prorubricyte - 2nd stage 12-17 um Nucleus: parachromatin, nucleoli not visible N/C ratio: 6:1-4:1 Cytoplasm: Small, deep blue or purplish, no granules
45
Polychromatic normoblast - size, nucleus, cytoplasm
Also called rubricyte - 3rd stage 10-15 um Nucleus: Deep purple/black, heavily condensed chromatin, parachromatin N/C ratio: 4:1-2:1 Cytoplasm: Decreased in size but increased relative to nucleus, polychromatic, no granules
46
Orthochromatic normoblast - size, nucleus, cytoplasm
Also called metarubricyte - 4th stage 8-12 um Nucleus: Pyknotic, dense, homogenous, black-brown, not chromatin structure N/C ratio: 2:1-1:1 Cytoplasm: Moderate amount, bluish-pink, no granules
47
Polychromatophilic - size, nucleus, cytoplasm
Also called reticulocyte - 5th stage 7-10 um Nucleus: Extruded, some remnants Cytoplasm: Clear gray-blue, polychromatic to pink
48
Erythrocyte - size, nucleus, cytoplasm
6th stage 7-8 um No nucleus Cytoplasm: pink
49
Hemoglobin production
65% in developing normoblasts (first 4 stages) 35% in reticulocyte Dependent of adequate supply of iron
50
Globin
Spherical protein with 4 polypeptide chains
51
Heme
Non-protein protoprophyrin ring compounds with an iron atom | One one each polypeptide chain
52
Types of polypeptide chains
Alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), delta (δ), epsilon (ε), zeta (ζ)
53
Hemoglobin assembly
4 heme/Hb 2 bonds/heme - 1 permanent, 1 reversible - can bind water or O2 All Hb molecules contain 4 identical hemes
54
Embryonic hemoglobins
``` Hb Gower1 - ε4 or ζ2ε2 Hb Gower2 - α2ε2 Hb Portland - ζ2γ2 First 12 weeks of gestation No beta chains Do not participate in oxygen delivery ```
55
Fetal hemoglobin
HbF - α2γ2 At birth, > 75% of total Hb In adults,
56
HbA2
α2δ2 | Adult hemoglobin, minor component
57
HbA
α2β2 Adult hemoglobin, major component 96-98% of total Hb Best for carrying and delivering O2
58
Reduced Hb
HbA with iron atoms in ferrous state (Fe2+) | Reduced state required for binding O2
59
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Reduced HbA carrying O2 on some or all of iron atoms
60
Deoxyhemoglobin (Hb)
Reduced HbA that is not carrying O2
61
Methemoglobin (MetHb) or oxidized hemoglobin
HbA with iron atoms in ferric state (Fe3+) | Cannot bind O2
62
Methemoglobin (MetHb) and Methemoglobinemia is formed in excess in red cells when
Normal reducing systems are overwhelmed by excessive oxidation or, Reducing systems fail, or are inhibited and can't keep up with normal amounts of oxidation
63
Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)
Combination of HbA with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen Maraschino cherry red cyanosis develops in the skin CO binds heme ~200x tighter than O2
64
Sulfhemoglobin
Also called Verdoglobin sulfHb NOT HbS Formed from the reaction of HbA with soluble inorganic sulphides and H2O2 Irreversible (covalent) bond prevents O2 binding
65
NADH
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
66
NADPH
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
67
What is hematopoiesis?
Production and development of blood cells
68
What makes up to hematopoietic system?
Bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus, and lymphoid tissue
69
Which cell has the potential to become any type of blood cell?
CFU-S: Colony forming unit-stem
70
What is the Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Ratio and what normally occurs to it in developing cells?
Ratio of volume of of the nucleus to the volume of the cytoplasm N/C ratio decreases
71
What is chromatin and how does it change in the developing cell?
Genetic material made up of DNA and protein | Becomes increasingly clumped, coarse, and darker staining
72
What is the other name for a Polychromatic normoblast?
Rubricyte
73
What is the other name for a Pronormoblast?
Rubriblast
74
What is the other name for a Basophilic normoblast?
Prorubricyte
75
What is the other name for a Orthochromatic normoblast?
Metarubricyte
76
What is the other name for a Polychromatophilic cell?
Reticulocyte
77
Which cells in the erythrocyte series do not contain a nucleus?
Polychromatophilic (reticulocyte) | Mature erythrocyte
78
Which erythrocyte cell has a nucleus that is described as being pyknotic?
Orthchromatic normoblast (metarubricyte)
79
Where does heme synthesis begin?
In the mitochondria
80
What is the most critical ingredient in the formation of heme?
Iron
81
To bind oxygen the iron atom must be in which state?
Reduced Fe2+ (Ferrous)
82
What hemoglobin types are found in the adult?
HbF HbA HbA2
83
What is different in the different types of hemoglobin?
The polypeptide chains that make up the globin
84
What is the polypeptide formula for HbF?
α2γ2 | Alpha 2 gamma 2
85
What metabolic pathway produces ATP in the red cell?
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
86
Which pathway produces NADPH and what is it used for?
``` Pentose shunt (hexose monophosphate pathway) Reduces glutathione, which protects the cell from oxidative injury ```
87
What are the 3 functions of erythrocytes?
Oxygen transport Carbon dioxide transport/buffering of hydrogen ions Nitric oxide transport
88
How does increasing temperature affect oxygen affinity?
Decreases oxygen affinity causing the release of oxygen
89
Which factor effects the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin directly (not inversely)?
The Bohr Effect | pH is the most important factor to ensure adequate delivery of oxygen to the tissues
90
What is the name of the molecule when hemoglobin binds CO2?
Carbaminohemoglobin
91
In intravascular hemolysis, where are the red cells hemolyzed?
In the blood vessels
92
In extravascular hemolysis, what cells hemolyze red cells?
Hepatic and splenic macrophages
93
What substance binds free hemoglobin in the plasma during normal intravascular hemolysis?
Haptoglobin
94
During extravascular hemolysis what is protoporphyrin oxidized into?
Biliverdin
95
What are the functions of the spleen?
Discriminating filter for red cells Reservoir for storage of platelets Extramedullary hematopoiesis
96
Products of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
2 ATP | 2 NADH
97
Products of the Pentose Shunt Pathway
1 NADPH

HEMA 256 (5 decks)

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