Module 1 Patho Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Condition where the cause is unknown “I don’t know”
A
Idiopathic
2
Q
Cause if the result of an unintended or unwanted medical treatment
A
Iatrogenic
3
Q
Study of patterns of disease in the human population
A
Epidemiology
4
Q
Native to a local region “easy to end”
A
Endemic
5
Q
Disseminate many individuals at the same time
A
Epidemic
6
Q
Affects large geographic regions, spreading worldwide and resulting in millions of deaths “panic”
A
Pandemic
7
Q
What is the Primary level of prevention.
A
prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
Education, risk factor reduction
8
Q
What is the Secondary level of prevention,
A
early detection, screening, and management of the disease
Screening
9
Q
What is the Tertiary level of prevention,
A
Rehabilitative and supporting care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore function. After the event occurred
Support, rehab, restore, reduce
10
Q
Sequela
A
Subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness
11
Q
Validity
A
accuracy
This is reliable
12
Q
Sensitivity
A
“I think it’s this”
The probability that a test will be positive when apple to a person with a particular condition
It can be this
13
Q
Specificity
A
“specific/ruling out”
The probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition
It can’t be this
14
Q
Homeostasis
A
State of equilibrium, of balance within an organism
15
Q
Homeostatic responses
A
Systems whose purpose is specifically to normalize selected physiologic variables
16
Q
GAS
A
reflects the view of a nonspecific physiologic response to stress “GAS=STRESS”
Alarm reaction (fight or flight)
Stage of resistance/adaptation (allostatic activity)
Stage of exhaustion (wear and tear)
17
Q
Allostatic load
A
Wear and tear effect of adaptation on the body and mind
Leads to physical and emotional illness
Stress-induced illness
Depression
Loss of appetite
18
Q
Epinephrine
A
“everything high”
Effect on heart
Helps the body respond to emergencies
Increase heart rate
Increase cardiac output
19
Q
Norepinephrine
A
“pressure high”
Increase blood pressure
Blood pressure vessels shrink
If we “ignore it” patient will die
Lower gastric secretions
20
Q
Cortisol
A
“Cold = reduced swelling” “Can get a cold”
Generated from glucose
Steroids
Relieve respiratory discomfort
Lowers immune system
Decrease inflammation
21
Q
Aldosterone
A
“All stay”
Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
Increase blood pressure
Mineralocorticoid
22
Q
Endorphins
A
“euphoria” “high”
Feel good mediation
Increase pain thresholds
Sedation
Chocolate, smokers smoking
23
Q
Cell membrane
Plasma membrane
A
Lipid bilayer
Hydrophilic - water-loving
Hydrophobic - water fearing
24
Q
Nucleus
A
contains DNA, holds approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome
The brain of the cell
Creates message
25
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Assembly Line
Makes messages readable for other cells
26
Golgi apparatus
Post office of the cell
Works with the endoplasmic reticulum
Modify, sort, and package proteins
Sends messages to other cells
27
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Digest, degrades, and disposes of
28
Mitochondria
powerhouses of the cell
Converts energy that can be used in cellular reactions
29
Facilitated diffusion
needs that uber or taxi to be able to come into the cell
30
Passive transport/Simple diffusion
No energy required Hi pressure-> Low pressure
31
Active transport
requires the use of energy from a Hi pressure gradient to a low-pressure gradient
32
Hydropic swelling
“hydro=water”
an early indicator of cell injury loss of K/NA pumps causing swelling and rupture, accumulation of water
33
Intracellular accumulations
“changes cell/mutation”
abnormal endogenous or exogenous particles indicate a disorder of cellular metabolism
Vitiligo, albinism, bilirubin, jaundice
34
Atrophy
Cell shrinkage, waste away
35
Hypertrophy
(opposite of atrophy)
Increase in cell mass
Changes mainly in connective tissue
36
Hyperplasia
“high number of cells”
Increase in the number of cells
37
Metaplasia
“morph”
Cell type changes (reversible)
After a smoker stops smoking
38
Dysplasia
“death”
The disorganized appearance of cells with variation (Irreversible)
Cancer
39
Irreversible cell injury
Necrosis
Apoptosis
40
Necrosis
-It can occur when a cellular injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Tissue Death
-Tissues exhibit necrosis in different ways
Heart - coagulative (gelatin-like)
Brain - liquefactive (abscess or cysts)
Lung - caseous (cheese-like)
Pancreas - fat (death of adipose tissue)
41
Gangreen
cell death in a large area
Wet - in internal organs, black
Dry - black, dry, wrinkle
Gas - bubble/gas formation
42
Apoptosis
“programmed pop”
Programmed cell death
T-Lymphocytes
43
Hypoxia and Ischemia injury
-Cell injury usually results from poor oxygenation of blood or inadequate delivery of blood to cells
-Up to a point, ischemic injury is reversible until lactic acid is present
- Lactic acid
44
Lactic acid
occurs after a cell has stopped metabolizing
Type A lactic acid - more serious
Type B lactic acid
45
Hypertonic
a solution that contains more dissolved particles
46
Hypotonic
a solution that contains less dissolved particles
47
Isotonic
a solution that contains the same salt concentration as cells and blood
48
Sodium
(135-145)
Hyponatremia - low
Hypernatremia - high
Function
49
Sodium
Function
-Nerve/muscle function, extracellular excitation, fluid balance
-Clinical manifestation for both high and low
Neurological symptoms, headache, irritability
50
Potassium
(3.5 - 5.5)
Hypokalemia - low
Hyperkalemia - high
51
Potassium
Function
-Intracellular excitation, conducts nerve impulses, skeletal muscle function
-Clinical manifestation for both high and low
Muscle weakness, muscle cramps, arrhythmias
52
Magnesium
(1.5 - 2.5)
Hypomagnesemia - low
Hypermagnesemia - high
53
Magnesium
Function
Muscle relaxation absorbs and balances calcium
Clinical manifestation for both high and low
Hypotension, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, arrhythmias (leading to cardiac arrest)
54
Calcium
(9-11) *Call 9-11*
Hypocalcemia - low
Hypercalcemia - high
55
Calcium
Function
Neuron excitability, stabilize membranes
Clinical manifestation for both high and low
Arrhythmias (leading to cardiac arrest)
56
Phosphorus
(2.5 - 4.5)
Hypophosphatemia - low
Hyperphosphatemia - high
57
Phosphorus
Function
Energy, teeth, and bone development
58
Age-Related Changes
Young and elderly adults
fewer functional sweat glands
Less efficient evaporative heat loss capabilities
59
Onychomycosis
Fungal infection in the nails
60
Hyperkeratosis
Thickening of the nails (normal functioning of aging)
61
Age-Related Changes
Glands
Sebaceous glands decline with a decrease in sebum secretions
Glands decrease in size, number, and function
62
Recording abnormalities
Size
Color
Symmetry
Shape
Number of distribution
Primary lesions
Secondary lesions
63
Inflammatory/infections
Inflammatory occurs with hypersensitivity/allergic reactions
Infectious agents: viruses, fungal, bacterial
64
Proliferative/neoplastic
Proliferative conditions: psoriasis, seborrheic, keratosis, cysts, warts,
Overgrowth in cells, tissue, etc
65
Viral Infections
Verrucae
warts
Spreads with skin-to-skin contact
Treatment
They will eventually heal on own
Cryotherapy
Salicylic acid
66
Viral Infections
Herpes simplex virus - infection of the skin and mucous membrane
infection of the skin and mucous membrane
HSV - 1 infection occurs above the waist
Common on the lips (cold sores)
Treatment - will heal in 10-14 days
HSV - 2 infections in the genitalia region
Begins with a burning, and tingling sensation followed by vesicles and erythema
Treatment - analgesics, antivirus, no known cure for herpes
67
Viral Infections
Herpes zoster virus
an acute localized inflammatory disease of a dermatomal segment of the skin caused by varicella zoster (chickenpox)
Shingles
Results from reactivation of the latent virus
Treatment - antiviral drugs, analgesics, and vaccines for prevention
68
Fungal Infections
Superficial fungal infection
three genera of fungi that infect the human skin
Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton cause an infection called tinea
Tinea - infection named after the location
Erythematous macules or plaques with peripheral scaling and ventral clearing
Transmitted very easily with the touch
Treatment - tropical antifungals
69
Fungal Infections
Yeast infection
Candida albicans - a common source of superficial skin infections
Manifests as thrush
Treatment - oral candidiasis (mouth rinses), topical antifungals/systemic meds if severe
70
Bacterial infections (may cause sepsis)
Impetigo
acute, contagious skin disease by the formation of vesicles, pustules, and yellowish crust
Yellowish pimple on the skin mainly around the mouth
Treatment - topical application, oral antibiotics for a large area of infection or if febrile
71
Bacterial infections (may cause sepsis)
Syphilis
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
Primary - soars at the site of infection (usually on or around genitalia)
Secondary - disseminated rash
Tertiary - permanent cardiac and CNS damage
Treatment - penicillin
72
Bacterial infections (may cause sepsis)
Leprosy
a chronic infectious disease of the skin
Usually responsive to sulfone drugs
Transferred with very close skin-to-skin contact
73
Inflammatory conditions
Lupus erythematosus
an inflammatory disease that has a cutaneous manifestation
Can cause rashes and lesions
Eventually becomes hyperactive (attacks healthy tissue)
2 types
Discoid - scaly red plaques with scarring that involves sun-exposed skin
Systemic - butterfly-shaped arrhythmia
74
Inflammatory conditions
Seborrheic dermatitis
papulosquamous skin disease
A yeast infection (common in infants)
Treatment - topical medication, acid shampoos
75
Inflammatory conditions
Psoriasis
common chronic skin disease
Overlying silvery scales
Immune system involvement
Treatment - no cure, topical treatments
76
Inflammatory conditions
Pityriasis Rosea
rash (large circle or oval spot) of unknown origin typically affects young adults
Treatment - topical steroids
77
Inflammatory conditions
Acne vulgaris
affects 90% of all individuals
Hormonal related, oil glands (sebaceous) get clogged
Treatment - loosen the plugs, salicylic acid topical or ointment
78
Allergic skin responses (antihistamines are your best friends)
Atopic dermatitis
a genetic disease
Most common in children and usually improve with age
Causes lesions pruritic, oozing, crusting, thickening of the skin, or lichenification occurs
Treatment - moisturization of skin, decrease the frequency of bathing, antihistamines
79
Allergic skin responses (antihistamines are your best friends)
Contact dermatitis
reaction to topical irritation or allergy
Poison ivy, oak, sumac
Treatment - topical steroids or cooling shake lotions
80
Allergic skin responses (antihistamines are your best friends)
Drug eruption
reaction to medically administered drugs
The eruption is an erythematous maculopapular rash, usually widespread
Treatment - discontinue offending agent, oral antihistamines, and antipruritic lotions
81
Allergic skin responses (antihistamines are your best friends)
Vasculitis
inflammation of skin blood vessels
Can be caused by drug allergies, systemic conditions
Polyarteritis nodosa - systemic vasculitis causes inflamed arteries in visceral organs, brain, and skin
Treatment - supportive (control inflammation), prevent reoccurrence
82
Parasitic infestations
Scabies
is a mite
Transferred through direct contact
Treatment - topical creams
83
Parasitic infestations
Fleas
live on anything with hair
Treatment - soothing shake lotions or topical steroids, treat carpets
A red dot in the middle of the lesion
84
Parasitic infestations
Lice
surface-dwelling, usually readily seen
Crab, head, body
Treatment - cream rinse, delousing shampoo
85
Parasitic infestations
Chiggers
mites that reside in grass or bushes
Puncture of the skin produces pruritic papules
Treatment - palliative / Prevention - insect repellent
86
Parasitic infestations
Bedbugs
an insect that feeds on the blood of animals and humans (nocturnal feeder
Produces a painless, pruritic oval or oblong wheal, multiple lesions
Treatment - topical antipruritics / professional extermination advised
No red dot in the middle of the lesion
87
Parasitic infestations
Mosquitoes
Saliva is a suspected source of lesions
Transmit viruses
Treatment - local antipruritics / prevention - insect rapellant
88
Parasitic infestations
Blood flukes
flatworms that live inside people
Freshwater lakes of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota
Inflammatory, papular, and urticarial
Treatment - medication to relieve itching and kill worms and eggs
89
Parasitic infestations
Ticks
insects that live in wood and underbrush that attach to human or animal hosts
Can transfer bacteria or viruses like
90
Scleroderma
accumulation of collagen in the body (similar to a lot of scar tissue)
Localized - single or multiple, violet-colored, firm, inelastic macules that enlarge slowly
Diffuse - skin hardens like hiding, overlying tissue calcify, and can eventually be fatal
Treatment - drugs to help reduce immune response
91
Ulcers
pressure soars *know stages*
Stage 1 - intact skin, redness, and inflamed
Stage 2 - superficial skin loss, non-blanchable
Stage 3 - exposed muscle, fat, tendon with full thickness
Stage 4 - extends to the bone with tissue necrosis/damage
92
Clinical manifestations of skin disorders
Color changes
Yellow vs blue vs white
Sensation
Texture
Temperature
Hair distribution and color
Nail (lines and colors)
93
Primary brain injury
a direct result of the initial insult
94
Secondary injury
progressive damage resulting from the body’s physiologic response
Bruse, hematoma
95
Ischemia + Hypoxia
Decreased blood flow
Is a contributing factor either as the primary insult or as a part of the secondary response
Results in immediate neurologic dysfunction
96
Reperfusion Injury
Oxygen reenters cells that have been damaged and affected areas have become overwhelmed
Free radicals are unstable and harmful
Inflammatory response occurs
97
Glasgow Coma Scale
Higher the score the better, lower the worse
Standardized tool for assessing LOC and severity of acutely brain-injured persons
98
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Focal
localized to the site of impact
99
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Polar
caused by acceleration-deceleration movement of the brain within the skull (usually opposite focal injury)
100
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Diffuse
caused by movement of the brain within the skull
101
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Concussion
Mild traumatic brain injury
LOC < 30min
No evidence on CT/MRI
102
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Contusion
Bruse or hematoma with evidence on the CT/MRI
103
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Intracranial hematoma
Contusion on steroids
Surgical intervention
104
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Epidural Hematoma
Collection of blood between dura and skull
105
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Subdural Hematoma
Collection of blood between the dura and outer layer of the arachnoid membrane
106
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
-Collection of blood between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter
-Active bleeding between the brain and tissue surrounding the brain
-Medical emergencies, most likely related to chronic high blood pressure
107
Secondary Injuries
(more dangerous than primary)
Complications (re-bleeding, spasms, cerebrospinal fluid drainage clogged, infection)
108
Cerebrovascular Disease + Stroke
TIA (transient ischemic attack) - mini-stroke and can resolve
Stroke - incapacitated for a long period of time
109
F.A.S.T.
F - facial droop
A - arms or limbs drifting
S - difficulty in speech
T - time of onset
110
Ischemic Stroke
Blood flow disruption due to a cerebral artery occlusion from a clot (thrombus) or emboli (moving clot)
If neurologic deficits completely resolve - transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Neurologic symptoms typically last only minutes to 24 hours
111
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
The capillary system fails to develop appropriately
Structural abnormality between the artery and the vein
Will eventually fail, rupture, and begin bleeding
112
Cerebral Aneurysm
-Lesion of an artery that results in dilation and ballooning of a segment of the vessel
-Clinical manifestations: Severe HA w/ stiff neck, Photophobia, N/V
113
Meningitis
BACTERIA usual reaches the CNS via the bloodstream or extension from cranial structures like sinuses or ears
Presentations
Headache
Fever
Stiff neck (chin to neck test)
Diagnosis - lumbar puncture
114
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain is commonly caused by West Nile virus or herpes simplex 1
115
Brain Abscess
A localized collection of pus within the brain tissue
Presents as a space-occupying lesion and typically with signs of infectious etiology
116
Seizure Disorder
-Transient neurologic event
-Epilepsy or seizure disorder refers to the recurrent seizure
-Causes
Cerebral injury
Lesions
Metabolic/nutritional disorders
Idiopathic
117
Seizure Disorder
Aura/prodrome
Subjective sense of impending seizure (feeling/notion the seizure is coming)
118
Seizure Disorder
Generalized
the whole brain surface is affected during the seizure
Absence (petit mal): occurs in children, starring spells that last only seconds
Atypical absence: myoclonic jerks, automatisms with the staring spell
Myoclonic: single/several jerks
Atonic (drop attack): fall down
Tonic-clonic (grand mal): jerking of many muscles
119
Seizure Disorder
Status Epilepticus
Continuing series of seizures without a period of recovery between episodes, patient unable to breath
120
Seizure Disorder
Partial seizures
Abnormal electrical activity restricted to one brain hemisphere
121
Seizure Disorder
Diagnosis
Electroencephalograms (EEG)
122
Dementia
Syndrome associated with many pathologies
Not to be confused with delirium
Types
Alzheimer’s - most common
Vascular
123
Alzheimer Disease
Neurological degeneration
Very progressive
Systemically loses 20lbs of tissue
The body doesn't respond to chemical imbalances
Treatment
Early diagnosis intervention, encourages to live on own
Medication
family/caregivers
124
Parkinson Disease
It May be idiopathic, acquired, or drugs
Possible gene mutation
Dopamine deficiency associated with motor impairment
General lack of movement, loss of facial expression, drooling, shuffling gait
Lack of dopamine
No cure
125
Cerebral Palsy
A diverse group of crippling syndromes
Appears during childhood
Involves permanent, nonprogressive damage to motor control areas of the brain
126
Hydrocephalus
Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cerebroventricular system
Medical treatment is limited
127
Cerebellar disorders
Causes abscess, hemorrhage, tumors, trauma, viral infection, chronic alcoholism
128
Multiple Sclerosis / MS
The chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS that primarily affects young adults
Myelin sheath is attacked by the immune system
The cause is unknown and no cute
129
Spina Bifida
Developmental anomaly characterized by defective closure of the spinal cord (neural tube)
Can happen along anyway due to genetics and lack of FOLATE supplementation
External protrusion of the sacklike structure
Treatment - surgery, folic acid before and during pregnancy
130
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
The progressive disease affects both the upper and lower motor neurons
Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease
Cause remains unknown
Weakness and wasting of the upper extremities usually occur, followed by impaired speech, swallowing, and breathing
No known cure
131
Spinal Cord Injury
Usually, traumatic: MVA, falls, penetrating wounds
Secondary injury may result from hemorrhage, swelling, ischemia, inflammation
Spinal shock
Occurs immediately and is characterized by temporary loss of reflexes below the level of injury
End of spinal shock
Reflexes return ad flaccidity is replaced by spasticity
Autonomic dysreflexia - an acute reflexive response to sympathetic activation below the level of injury
Treatment - stabilization of spinal vertebrae, intensive rehabilitation, neurogenic shock
132
Guillain - Barre Syndrome
The inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system
Unknown cause
Muscle weakness that begins in the lower extremities and spreads up progressively
133
MS vs GBS
MS starts from the head down
GBS starts from the peripheral nerves and works inward
134
Bells Palsy
Idiopathic neuropathy of the facial nerve paralysis
Is a virus
Develops rapidly over 24 - 48 hours
Resolves on its own
