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Nursing > Module 2 PA > Flashcards

Module 2 PA Flashcards

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1
Q

Presbyopia

A

Needing reading glasses, normal with age

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2
Q

Glaucoma

A

Decrease in peripheral vision

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3
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Decrease in central vision

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4
Q

Snellen Eye Chart Test

A

-The top number is the distance
-The bottom number is the line the patient is able to read, only able to miss 1

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5
Q

Confrontation Test

A

Test cranial nerve 2
-You want to see the same thing your patient sees with one covered eye mirrored to the patient. Can they see what you see?
-The person examining the patient is the control

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6
Q

Corneal Light Reflex (Hirschberg Test)

A

Shine Light in between the eyes (bridge of the nose), you want to see the light reflect in the same spot on the patient’s cornea

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7
Q

Diagnostic Positions Test “Disco Test”

A

Tests eye parallel eye movement and ability to track 6 different positions. Stand about a foot away from the patient

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8
Q

PERRLA

A

Pupillary light reflex

P - Pupils
E - Equal
R - Round
R - React
L - Light
A - Accommodation

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9
Q

Anisocoria

A

Pupils of two different sizes

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10
Q

Cataracts

A

a condition that gradually obstructs vision

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11
Q

Cataracts
Nuclear

A

begins at the center of the lens nucleus

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12
Q

Cataracts
Cortical

A

begins at the outer cortex of the lens and progresses faster than nuclear

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13
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

nonproliferative changes that occur within the retina can be: microaneurysms, dot hemorrhages, blot hemorrhages, lipid exudates

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14
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

normal should be clear, transparent, and no drainage

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15
Q

How should a Childs top of the ear be?

A

In children top of the ear should be straight with the outer corner of the eye and 10 degrees

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16
Q

When examining the ear, pull up and back

A

The ear canal goes towards the nose
For children and toddlers, straight down

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17
Q

Whisper Voice Test -

A

Tests patient’s ability to hear

Have the patient cover 1 ear at a time, stand behind the patient, and whisper 3 words or numbers. Have patient repeat back words and numbers, do for both ears and passing is getting 4/6

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18
Q

Perspicuous (sensory neuro, CN 8)

A

Pathological problem with the inner ear, hearing loss due to nerve degeneration

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19
Q

Rohberg Test

A

Patient stands with eyes closed, and palms at sides or palms up in front of them, for 20 seconds

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20
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Decreased movement in the middle ear bones, gradual hardening of the bones

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21
Q

Middle Ear Infections (otitis media)

A

More common in children and infants because the eustachian tube is shorter and wider when young

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22
Q

Tinnitus

A

Chronic ear ringing and worse at night

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23
Q

Tuning Fork Test

A

measure hearing by air conduction or bone conduction, in which the sound vibrates through the cranial bones to the inner ear.

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24
Q

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear)

A

An infection of the outer ear, with the severe painful movement of the pinna and tragus, hearing normal or slightly diminished

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25
Tympanostomy Tubes
inserted surgically into the eardrum to relieve middle ear pressure and promote drainage of chronic or recurrent middle ear infections.
26
Breast Exam
-Self-breast exams begin at puberty -The left breast is slightly larger than the right -Mammograms being at age 40 -Pay close attention to the Tail of the Spence (near the axillary) -Begin at the nipple and circle your way out not removing your hand at all -Exams should be once a month not during the menstrual cycle -Breast cancer is more common in females because of the hormonal aspect -When examining use the same way with the lymphatic system assessment -The average age for breast development 8-9
27
Tanner Staging (Sexual Maturity Rating) Preadolescent
there is only a small elevated nipple
28
Tanner Staging (Sexual Maturity Rating) Breast bud stage
a small mound of breast and nipple develops, the areola widen
29
Tanner Staging (Sexual Maturity Rating) Mature breast
only the nipple protrudes, the areola is flush with the breast contour
30
Dimpling
Skin retraction causes a dimple-like appearance
31
Peau d’Orange
Lymphatic obstruction, which causes an orange peel look
32
Fixation
Breast tissue is fixed to the pectoral muscle
33
Nipple deviation
Cancer causes fibrosis in the mammary duct causing the nipple to tilt to one side
34
-itis
Related to infection
35
Colostrum
-“Golden” milk, first produced milk by a mother after birth -Primes the GI tract of the baby -No fat is present in colostrum -In normal breast milk, there is fat -Changes to normal breast milk after the 3rd day
36
Differentiating Breast Lumps Fibroadenoma
15 - 30 years of age, benign, grows quickly, round, rubbery, and very mobile
37
Differentiating Breast Lumps Benign Breast Disease
30 - 55 years of age, benign, size may change with the menstrual cycle, round. firm to soft, mobile, and tender
38
Differentiating Breast Lumps Cancer
30 - 80 years of age, serious, grows constantly, fixed, and poorly defined
39
Gynecomastia
men who have breast tissue
40
Normal Lung Sounds Bronchial
-High pitched -Short inspiration, long expiration -Trachea and Larynx
41
Broncho vesicular
-Moderate pitched -Equal inspiration, expiration -Over major bronchi
42
Vesicular
-Soft pitch -Long inspiration, short expiration -Over peripheral lung feils
43
Abnormal Lung Sounds Crackles Fine
Hair rubbing together
44
Abnormal Lung Sounds Crackles Coarse
Velcro ripping apart
45
Respiratory Patterns Normal
Even 10-20 breaths
46
Respiratory Patterns Tachypnea
Rapid, shallow breaths >24
47
Respiratory Patterns Bradypnea
Slow breathing, regular rate <10
48
Respiratory Patterns Hyperventilation
Increase in both rate and depth of breathing
49
Respiratory Patterns Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Cycle in which respirations gradually wax and wane in a regular pattern, increasing in rate and depth and then decreasing.
50
Tactile Fremitus
Sounds generated where you feel the vibrations, assesses for any lung obstructions
51
Thoracic Change Anteroposterior to transverse diameter ratio
2-1
52
Thoracic Change Barrel Chest
Chest appears as if held in continuous inspiration
53
Thoracic Change Kyphosis
Humpback appearance
54
Resonance
Low-pitched, clear, hollow sound that predominates in healthy lung tissue in the adult
55
Bronchophony
The patient says “99” normal finding is soft, muffled, abnormal is hearing the sound clearly
56
Egophony
The patient says “eeeee” normal finding is being able to hear “eeeee”, abnormal is hearing “aaaa”
57
Whispered Pectoriloquy
The patient says “one-two-three” normal finding is hearing a muffled version of what the patient says
58
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing when supine
59
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Awakening from sleep for SOB and needing to be upright to achieve comfort
60
Flow of Blood
Capillaries -> Vena Cava -> R. Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> R. Ventricle -> Pulmonic Valve -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> L. Atrium -> Mitral Valve -> L. Ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta -> Body
61
Systole
-atria fill and ventricles constrict -Open - Aortic & Pulmonic
62
Diastole
-ventricles fill and atria constrict -Open - Mitral & Tricuspid
63
Sinus Arrhythmia
The rhythm varies with the person's breathing, increasing at the peak of inspiration and slowing with expiration.
64
APETM
Aortic Pulmonic Erb’s Point Tricuspid Mitral
65
APETM Aortic
Right 2nd intercostal space
66
APETM Pulmonic
Left 2nd intercostal space
67
APETM Erb’s Point
Left 3rd intercostal space (S1,S2)
68
APETM Tricuspid
Left 4th intercostal space
69
APETM Mitral
Left 5th intercostal space
70
Extra Heart Sounds / NOT A MURMUR(Table 20.8:Pg. 488)
S1(systole) S2(diastolic) S3 / physiologic (low tones) S4 / pathological (low tones) Apical Pulse
71
Extra Heart Sounds / NOT A MURMUR(Table 20.8:Pg. 488) S1(systole) S2(diastolic)
Normal heart sounds (lub dub)
72
Extra Heart Sounds / NOT A MURMUR(Table 20.8:Pg. 488) S3 / physiologic (low tones)
-Three heart sounds (Ken-tuck-ey) -Occurs in early diastole -Pathology:Ventricular gallop, occurs in HF, hyperthyroidism, anemia, and pregnancy -Physiology: Can be heard in children or young adults, ushually disapreas when person sits up
73
Extra Heart Sounds / NOT A MURMUR(Table 20.8:Pg. 488) S4 / pathological (low tones)
-Galloping sounds, happen in late diastole -Atrial gallop -Pathology: Occurs with pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary hypertension -Physiology: Occurs in adults over 40-50 and mainly occurs after exercise
74
Extra Heart Sounds / NOT A MURMUR(Table 20.8:Pg. 488) Apical Pulse
Under the left breast, the apex of the heart
75
Bruit
A blowing, swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulence
76
Thrill
Palpable vibration
77
Murmurs
-Only occur in the heart -Turbulent blood flow and collision currents -Gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heard on the chest wall
78
Modified Allen Test
-Test the arteries by occluding the ulnar and radial artery, and have the patient squeeze their hand till white in color. Release the ulnar artery and color should return (palmar blush) in less than 7sec. -Checks the circulation is well enough for an ABG to be drawn from the patient
79
Location of Pulses
-Carotid -Brachial -Radial -Femoral -Popliteal
80
Pulses
+1 (Weak & Thready) +2 (Normal) +3 (Full-Bounding)
81
Profile Sign
viewing the finger from the side, to detect early clubbing, 160 degrees
82
Claudication
Number of blocks walked or stairs climbed to produce pain
83
Pitting Edem (accumulation of fluid in the body)
+1 (can't tell by looking, but leaves an indentation and quickly resolves) +2 (can tell swelling and indentation leaves slowly) +3 (indentation takes a while to resolve) +4 (swelling in arms as well, indentation)
84
Lymphedema
Accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the interstitial spaces of the arm following breast surgery or treatment
85
Peripheral Arterial Disease
-Ulcers are well defined and do not bleed -Skin is thin and cool, and nails are thick and rough -Dangle
86
Peripheral Venous Disease
-Ulcers are undefined, bloody, and gross looking -Skin is red, hot, and swollen -Elevate
87
Ankle-Brachial Index
First-line noninvasive test for PAD
88
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Presents with unilateral swelling of the affected leg, tenderness to severe pain, possibly warmth and redness from accompanying inflammation, and possibly superficial venous dilation
89
Raynaud’s Disease
Episodes of abrupt, progressive tricolor change of the fingers in response to cold, vibration, or stress

Nursing (4 decks)

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