Module 1: Phlebotomy Fundamentals Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
considerations when performing phlebotomy
A
- collect only the amount necessary for testing
- learn factors that affect blood clotting
- communicate professionally and therapeutically
- verify each pts identity
- use accurate labeling
- explore pts history
- how to deal with challenges to communication
- infection control
2
Q
phlebotomist
A
professional who uses needles to puncture veins to collect blood for lab testing
3
Q
what are lab results used for
A
- the basis for treatments and care
- assist in diagnosis
- detect problems
- determine if treatment is working
- monitor pts over time
- show need for further testing or treatment
4
Q
things a phlebotomist does
A
- collect blood specimens
- collect nonblood specimens: urine, semen, etc.
- point of care testing: glucose levels at bedside
- transport specimens
- clerical duties
5
Q
desired traits of phlebotomist
A
- professionalism
- respect for pt and coworkers by adhering to policies
- good listener and communicator
- compassion
- keep the workplace clean and organized
- growth
6
Q
personal hygiene for phlebotomist
A
- no perfume or other scented things that could trigger allergic reactions, nausea, or migraines
- use deodorant
- conservative grooming
- avoid excessive piercings and tattoos
- minimal makeup
7
Q
service
A
- shift focus from self to those you serve
- commitment to exemplary performance
- demonstrate quality, accuracy, and efficiency
- keep focus on pt
8
Q
growth
A
- expanding professional knowledge
- seek continuing education opportunities
9
Q
ethical standard
A
- do no harm
- respect pt rights
- use skills to the best ability
- ensure the accuracy of specimen collection
10
Q
heart
A
- pump at the center of the cardiovascular system
- hollow, conical, muscular organ
11
Q
roughly how big is the heart
A
size of pts fist
12
Q
where is the heart located
A
- center of the chest
- vertically between second and sixth ribs
- more of it just to the left of the sternum
13
Q
pericardium
A
membrane that surrounds the heart and attached blood vessels
14
Q
layers of the heart in order (outermost to innermost)
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
15
Q
order of blood flow
A
- superior and inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- pulmonary artery
- TO THE LUNGS
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- bicuspid (mitral) valve
- left ventricle
- aortic semilunar valve
- aorta
16
Q
how many heartbeats is one cardiac cycle
A
1 beat
17
Q
range for most adults heartbeat
A
60 to 80 bpm
18
Q
cardiac cycle
A
- pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs where it is reoxygenated and exchanges CO2 for O2
- oxygenated blood returns to heart and it pumped to arteries to supply body tissues with oxygen
19
Q
the command center of the cardiovascular system
A
- medulla of the brain
- sends messages to the sinoatrial (SA) node
20
Q
conduction system of the heart
A
- SA node
- AV node
- bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers
21
Q
when is the electrical signal of the heart transmitted to the bundle of His
A
following atrial contraction
22
Q
what do the Purkinje fibers trigger
A
ventricular contraction
23
Q
why does the AV node pause
A
to let blood empty from the atria
24
Q
vascular structures
A
- arteries: branching into arterioles and capillaries
- veins: branching in venules and capillaries
25
what do arteries carry and which artery is the exception
- oxygenated blood to the body
- pulmonary arteries: carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
26
where do coronary arteries supply blood to
heart muscle
27
where do femoral arteries supply blood to
lower extremities
28
what do veins carry and which vein is the exception
- deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart
- pulmonary veins: carry reoxygenated blood back from heart to lungs
29
where do the jugular veins return blood from
from head and neck to the heart
30
where do the saphenous veins return blood from
from the lower extremities to the heart
31
capillaries
- permeable
- exchange vessels
- where O2 and nutrients move into body cells and CO2 moves in capillary
32
what processes facilitate the exchange of O2 and CO2 in capillaries
- osmosis: diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
- diffusion: movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- filtration: separating substances by forcing them through a membrane
33
what does blood carry to body tissues
- nourishment, vitamins, electrolytes, hormones, antibodies, warmth, oxygen
34
what does blood transport to excretory organs
- cell wastes
- carbon dioxide
35
how much blood do adults have in circulation
4 to 6 liters
36
% of plasma in blood
55% to 50%
37
components of plasma with percentages
- water: 92%
- mix of proteins, glucose, fibrinogen: 8%
38
% of RBC, WBC, and platelets in blood
40% to 45%
39
hemoglobin
- in RBC
- iron-containing protein
- carries O2
- gives blood the red color
40
are RBC flexible or inflexible
- flexible
- can easily pass through circulatory system
41
how long do RBC circulate in bloodstream
120 days
42
what replaces RBCs
bone marrow
43
types of WBCs
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
- granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
44
function of WBC
- defend body against infection
- destroy pathogens and produce antibodies
45
platelets
- necessary for clotting
- stick to lining of blood vessels
46
what determines blood type
presence or absence of the A and B antigens
47
type A blood has which antigen
A antigen
48
type B blood has which antigen
B antigen
49
type AB blood has which antigen
both A and B antigens
50
type O blood has which antigen
neither antigen
51
type A plasma has which antibodies
anti-B antibodies
52
type B plasma has which antibodies
anti-A antibodies
53
type AB plasma has which antibodies
no antibodies
54
type O plasma has which antibodies
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
55
Rh-negative can donate to
- Rh-positive
- Rh-negative
56
Rh-positive can donate to
- Rh-positive
57
Rh-negative can receive
- Rh-negative
58
Rh-positive can receive
- Rh-positive
- Rh-negative
59
what blood type can anyone receive (universal donor)
type O blood
60
what blood type can receive any blood type (universal recipient)
type AB blood
61
what blood type can give plasma to all blood types
type AB blood
62
most to least common blood types
- type O
- type A
- type B
- type AB
63
hemostasis
- steady state of blood
- state of equilibrium
- includes components of the clotting process
64
five phases of coagulation
- vascular phase: injured vessel narrows to reduce blood flow
- platelet phase: platelets clump and attached to injured vessel to plug the leak
- coagulation phase: fibrinogen, calcium, and clotting factors work together to form blood clot to seal portion of vessel
- clot retraction: blood clot shrinks to bring edges of tear close together to heal
- fibrinolysis: breaks up and dissolves clot as other cells complete repair
65
what can you do to aid the coagulation process
direct pressure
66
when does effective communication occur
both sender and receiver assign similar meanings to the message
67
steps of the communication cycle
- sender develops message
- sender encodes message into transmittable format
- sender transmits messgae
- receiver decodes message
- receiver converts message to understanding
- feedback
68
analytical communicators
- prefer working with real numbers, facts, data
- little emphasis on feelings or emotions
69
intuitive communicators
- prefer to look at the big picture
- may result in more questions than answers if too broad of an approach is used
70
functional communicators
- prefers an organized approach: timelines, detailed plans, step-by-step
- effective if pt doesn't become overwhelmed with details
71
personal communicators
- use emotional language and connections
- care about what people think/feel in response to info
- good and active listeners
- resolve conflict easily
72
most fundamental component of communication
listening
73
active listening
- actively hearing and attempting to comprehend the meaning of words
- sounds or gestures to indicate attentiveness
- give feedback through paraphrasing
- conveying genuine interest, warmth, empathy
74
verbal communication
sharing of info using spoken words
75
nonverbal communication
- behavior that complements, negates, or substitutes for spoken words
- gestures, mannerisms, facial expressions, body posture, stance, eye contact, movements, touch, personal space, overall appearance
76
therapeutic communication
- interaction that aims to enhance the comfort, safety, trust, health, and well-being of the pt
- communicate in ways the pt understands
- convey understanding and respect
77
accepting (therapeutic communication skill)
- hear what pt says and follow the thoughts they express
- I get what you're saying
78
clarifying (therapeutic communication skill)
- ask for a clearer explanation when what pt says is vague
- I'm not sure I'm following that
79
encouraging communication (therapeutic communication skill)
- ask pt to share what they're feeling
- tell me when you are getting more anxious
80
exploring (therapeutic communication skill)
- gently persuade pt to express thoughts in more detail, avoid probing or prying
- would you tell me a little more about that
81
focusing (therapeutic communication skill)
- keep pts attention on the info they need to understand
- I enjoy hearing about your vacation, but lets get back to what to do if this keeps bleeding
82
giving a broad opening (therapeutic communication skill)
- allow pt to direct discussion
- what do you need to know about what we're doing today
83
giving recognition (therapeutic communication skill)
- show pt recognition as individuals, address them by name
- let's get started, Mr. Ellis
84
making observations (therapeutic communication skill)
- share your perceptions with pt
- you seem a bit nervous today
85
mirroring (therapeutic communication skill)
- restate pt statement to show understadning
- you're having trouble understanding the doctor
86
offering self (therapeutic communication skill)
- convey your availability to listen and help
- I'm here for you, tell me what you need
87
offering general leads (therapeutic communication skill)
- encourage pt to keep expressing their thoughts
- please continue
88
reflecting (therapeutic communication skill)
- repeat pt statement or question back to them to encourage them to value or accept their own opinions
- what do you already know about your cholesterol levels
89
remaining silent (therapeutic communication skill)
- convey that pt can continue formulating thoughts they want to express without any pressure to converse
- no dialogue
90
summarizing (therapeutic communication skill)
- demonstrate understanding of important parts of the conversation
- you know to contact the office if you have any pain or the site keeps bleeding even after you apply some pressure with the gauze pads I gave you
91
advising (nontherapeutic communication)
- tell pt what to do about things outside the scope of phlebotomy
- if I were you I wouldn't take that medication
92
agreeing/disagreeing (nontherapeutic communication)
- imply the phlebotomist's opinion is validating or overriding that of pt, exceeds the scope of practice
- I agree that chemo is your best option
93
defending (nontherapeutic communication)
- attempt to protect the facility or provider
- Dr. Lopez has been doing this for a long time so she knows what's best for you
94
disapproving (nontherapeutic communication)
- pass judgment on pt thoughts or plans
- you should have given that medication a chance to work before you stopped taking it
95
giving approval (nontherapeutic communication)
- tell pt they are doing the right thing, results in pt continuing to seek approval rather than focusing on progress
- I'm proud of you for taking the initiative to check your thyroid levels
96
making stereotypical comments (nontherapeutic communication)
- use cliches and meaningless phrases that show no original thought
- things are always darkest right before the dawn
97
minimizing feelings (nontherapeutic communication)
- make light of pt anxieties
- everybody hates needles
98
probing (nontherapeutic communication)
- pursue topics pt doesn't want to discuss or things that invade pt privacy
- why didn't your daughter drive you here today
99
reassuring (nontherapeutic communication)
- give false hope or devalue pt feelings
- everything is going to be all right
100
defense mechanisms
- coping strategies people use to protect themselves from negative emotions
- usually unaware that they are using them
- can be used positively or negatively
101
apathy
- indifference, lack of interest or concern
- I don't care what the doctor says about my weight because I know I will stick to my diet
102
compensation
- balancing failure with accomplishment
- I ate a lot of candy yesterday but I also ate a salad
103
denial
- avoiding unpleasant situations by rejecting them or ignoring their existence
- there is no way I have cancer so I won't get the tests
104
displacement
- redirection of emotions away from the original subject onto a less threatening subject
- I had enough trouble dealing with my aging parents so I shouldn't have to wait this long for a blood test
105
dissociation
- disconnecting emotional importance from ideas or events and compartmentalizing those emotions in different parts of awareness
- I'm always getting into fights with my neighbors which is odd because I teach an online course in conflict resolution
106
identification
- attributing characteristics of someone else to oneself
- I'm just as healthy as my sister is
107
introjection
- adopting the thoughts or feelings of others
- my dad says I should stand up for myself so I am going to be more assertive
108
physical avoidance
- keeping away from any person, place, or object that evokes unpleasant memories
- I can't go back to that hospital because that's where my father died
109
projection
- transferring a person's unpleasant ideas and emotions into someone or something else
- my wife eats way more junk food than I do so why is the doctor warning me about my cholesterol
110
rationalization
- an explanation that makes something negative seem justifiable
- my partner drinks every night to make himself less anxious about work
111
regression
- reverting to earlier childlike developmental behavior
- I can't come back every month and you can't make me
112
repression
- eliminating unpleasant emotions, desires, or problems from the conscious mind
- they tell me I was hurt in that robbery but I don't remember anything
113
sarcasm
- using words that have the opposite meaning, to be funny/insulting/irritating
- you have a nice office if you don't like fresh air and natural lght
114
substitution
- replacing unacceptable desires with more constructive ones
- I used to pull wings off insects and now I'm a biology teacher
115
suppression
- voluntarily blocking unpleasant experiences from one's awareness
- the doctor said I need more tests but I'm going to take my vacation first
116
barriers to communication
- language
- culture
- cognitive level
- developmental stage
- sensory issues
- physical challenges
117
adjustments for working with pts who speak a different language
- interpreter
- written instructions
- respect cultural or personal preferences
118
adjustments for working with pts with vision loss
- verbally explain everything taking place
- do not ask questions or make stereotypical comments
- be mindful of safety, comfort, and dignity
- use bright colors and solid backgrounds
- avoid clear obstructions
- offer print material in large fonts or audio formats
119
how much of the blind population read Braille
10%
120
adjustments for working with pts with hearing loss
- face pt directly
- enunciate clearly
- do not shout
- low-pitch tones are usually easier for them to hear
- reduce extraneous noise
- written communication
- sign language interpreter
121
customer service
- ensuring customer satisfaction
- encourage pt to communicate feelings
- listen to pt viewpoints
- help solve pt problems
122
chain of infection
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
123
what makes the human body an ideal reservoir for microbial growth
- nutrient
- moisture
- ideal temp
- ideal pH
124
what is effective infection control
breaking the chain of infection
125
direct transmission
contact with infected person or body fluids carrying the pathogen
126
indirect transmission
- intermediate step between the portal of exit and portal of entry
- fomites and vectors
127
fomite
- nonliving transmitter of infectious agent
- medical equipment, doorknobs, pens
128
vector
- living transmitter of infectious agent
- insects
129
main way to break chain of infection
effective hand hygiene
130
standard precautions
- applies to every pt
- PPE when handling body fluids, nonintact skin, mucous membranes
- hand hygiene
- safely disposing of equipment, needles, and other sharps
131
airborne precautions
- for infections that spread via droplets smaller than 5 microns in diameter
- wear respiratory protection like N95 respirator or mask
- varicella, tuberculosis, measles
132
droplet precautions
- for infections that spread via droplets larger than 5 microns in diameter
- wear mask
- rubella, meningitis, some respiratory infections
133
contact precautions
- infections that spread via direct contact or contact with the environment
- wear gloves and gowns
- herpes simplex, wound infections, scabies, some bacterial infections
134
how does the body react after exposure to a pathogen
activates immune response
135
classic symptoms of inflammation
- erythema (redness)
- edema (swelling)
- pain
- heat
136
steps of the body's response to pathogens
- pathogen invades and damages cells
- send mediators of inflammation to the site (histamines, kinins, prostaglandins) which bring WBC
- WBC arrive to the site
- blood vessels dilate causing erythema and heat
- walls of vessels become more permeable so WBC can get to the site
- plasma from blood enters site causing edema which exerts pressure on nerves causing pain
- clotting factors stop bleeding and proteins help repair damage
- chemotaxis brings more WBC to engage in phagocytosis
137
chemotaxis
movement of cells or organisms in response to chemicals
138
scenarios following inflammatory response
- heal locally: inflammatory response did it's job
- spread to lymph nodes: invasion too strong, increase in WBC, lymphadenopathy
- spread to bloodstream: septicemia, fatal without treatment
139
acute infection
- symptoms appear suddenly
- begins gradually and worsens quickly
- body can usually recover in a few weeks
- common cold
140
chronic infection
- lingers, sometimes forever
- symptoms may not last for long periods of time
- person can still transmit to others
- hepatitis B
141
latent infection
- periods of remission and relapse
- herpes simplex
142
opportunistic infection
- person with weak immune system
- may not cause disease in person with fully functional immune system
- oral candidiasis common in pts with AIDS
143
medical asepsis
- removing microorganisms after they leave the body
- reduce number, prohibit growth, prevent transmission
- hand hygiene
- does not eliminate pathogens
144
handwashing steps
- use warm water and friction for minimum of 20 seconds
- rinse with fingers pointed downward
- turn off faucet with paper towel
145
surgical asepsis
- mandatory for invasive procedures
- eliminate microorganisms and prevent them from entering the body
- sterile gloves, supplies, and equipment
- antiseptic skin preparation
- not typically used by phlebotomists
146
CDC cough etiquette
- cover mouth and nose
- use facial tissue to contain respiratory secretions, dispose of in waste receptacle
- hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions
- offer mask to anyone coughing or sneezing
- keep anyone coughing or sneezing 3 feet away from others
