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BI283—Genetics > Module 1—The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Module 1—The Cell Cycle Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

prokaryotic DNA vs eukaryotic DNA

A

ProkaryotesEukaryotes

  • not bound to protein
  • circular
  • usually no introns
  • bound to proteins
  • linear
  • introns
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2
Q

prokaryotic organelles vs eukaryotic organelles

A

ProkaryotesEukaryotes

  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • no nucleus
  • 70S ribosomes
  • membrane-bound
  • nucleus
  • 80S ribosomes
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3
Q

prokaryotic reproduction vs eukaryotic reproduction

A

ProkaryotesEukaryotes

  • binary fission
  • single haploid chromosome
  • mitosis
  • meiosis
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4
Q

prokaryotic size vs eukaryotic size

A

ProkaryotesEukaryotes
* 1-5 μm

  • 10-100 μm
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5
Q

3 functions of cell division

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth & development
  • Repair & renewal
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6
Q

division produces ______ growth in cell number

A

exponential

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7
Q

phase in which most adult cells live

A

G0 or prolonged G1

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8
Q

cell cycle

A

life of a cell from formation to its own division

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9
Q

DNA is composed of 2 ___________ strands around an imaginary axis, forming a _________

A

polynucleotide

double helix

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10
Q

direction of polynucleotide strands

A

antiparallel to one another

5’ and 3’ ends of each

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11
Q

base pairs are situated _______ to helix axis

A

orthogonally

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12
Q

genome

A

all DNA in a cell

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13
Q

responsible for production of gametes

A

germline cells

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14
Q

“spools” for DNA

A

histones

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15
Q

DNA wrapped around one histone

A

nucleosome

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16
Q

octamer

A

8 core histones forming a spool

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17
Q

____ base pairs in a nucleosome

___ base pairs not around a histone

A

150

20

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18
Q

octamer includes 2 copies of 4 types of histones:

A

H2A

H2B

H3

H4

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19
Q

function of H1 histones

A

guide and organize nucleosomes

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20
Q

what do histone tails interact with?

what do they determine?

how is this significant?

A

nonhistone proteins and other octamers

density of the “wrapping” of the nucleosome

density determines whether genes are “on” or “off”

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21
Q

proteins involved with condensed nucleosomes

A

condensins

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22
Q

how is DNA condensed during mitosis?

A

bound into higher order loops by intense cross-linking

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23
Q

basic structure of chromatin

A

collection of nucleosomes = 30nm fibers

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24
Q

DNA is replicated in ___ phase, in the _______ state

A

S

chromatin

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25
after copying of DNA, the ________ are formed from the original chromosome and its copy
sister chromatids
26
how are sister chromatids jointed?
cohesins join them all along their length they are joined at the centromere most closely
27
constituents of centromere
repetitive sequences in DNA, mediated by proteins which recognize and bind to centromeric DNA
28
phases of the cell cycle
* Interphase * G1 * S * G2 * Mitotic phase * Prophase * Prometaphase * Metaphse * Anaphase * Telophase * Cytokinesis
29
events of G1
↑ metabolism, organelles, resources
30
events of S phase
growth & duplication of chromosomes
31
most dangerous phase for cell why?
S phase proteins cannot be synthesized from DNA undergoing replication
32
events of G2
growth & more duplication centrosome duplicates (each has 2 centrioles) ↑ proteins necessary for mitosis
33
part of spindle that isn't really necessary, and not found in plants
centrioles
34
events of prophase (5)
chromatids condense into chromosomes, with sister chromatids adhering to one another nucleoli disappear early mitotic spindle forms from centrosomes aster is present centrosomes move apart, pushed by lengthening microtubules
35
events of prometaphase (5)
begins with centrosomes on opposite poles, beginning to elongate cell nuclear envelope fragments kinetochore proteins forms on the centromeric DNA of each chromatid mitotic spindle attaches to sister chromatids at kinetochore and begins to pull them back and forth nonkinetochore tubules interact with those from the opposite pole, lengthening the cell
36
events of metaphase (2) it is the beginning of…
chromosomes align on _metaphase plate_ on cell equator tension on chromatids is equal in both directions *beginning of the end of mitosis*
37
events of anaphase (5)
_Anaphase Promoting Complex_ (APC/C) frees _separase_ from _securin_ proteins cohesin proteins are cleaved by separase 2 liberated daughter chromosomes are pulled apart toward opposite poles nonkinetochore tubules push against one another kinetochore tubules are depolymerized in order to shorten
38
functions of APC/C
frees separase from securin degrades cyclins
39
events of telophase (3)
nucleoli reform nuclear envelopes reform remaining microtubules are depolymerized
40
events of cytokinesis (animals and plants)
_Cleavage furrow_ is “pinched” by _contractile ring_ of actin and myosin filaments In plant cells, a _cell plate_ forms - small cell wall fragments by vesicles
41
function of separase
cleaves cohesins, liberating sister chromatids from one another
42
function of securin
holds separase when not in use
43
constituents of contractile ring
actin and myosin
44
function of mitotic spindle
controls movement of chromosomes
45
spindle polymerizes from…
components of cytoskeleton tubulin proteins
46
radial array of very short microtubules - contact plasma membrane, pointing away from equator
aster
47
kinetochores
protein complexes associated with centromeres point of attachment for microtubules
48
ensures cell safely completes cycle
checkpoints
49
importance of G1 checkpoint
“restriction or start” point, major decision in the cell’s life determines if cell will go on to S phase if it goes on and fails, it will initiate apoptosis
50
importance of G2 checkpoint
ensures there is enough mitotic cyclin for mitosis to be completed
51
importance of mitotic checkpoint when is it completed?
ensures equal separation of chromosomes occurs after attachment of all kinetochore microtubules with equal tension on metaphase plate
52
is cyclin or CDK retained and reused? which one has a variable concentration? which one is degraded
CDKs retained cyclins variable concentration cyclins degraded
53
Cyclin D + Cdk4 + Cdk6
regulate movement from G1 to S phase
54
regulate S phase and G2 phase
Cyclin E + cyclin A + Cdk2
55
Cyclin B + cyclin A + Cdk1
mitotic complexes
56
triggers cell’s passage past G2 checkpoint into M phase
maturation-promoting factor
57
MPF's negative feedback system
switches itself off by triggering the degradation of its cyclin component at the APC/C
58
molecular function of CDK complexes
phosphorylate other proteins in the cell, initiating _kinase cascades_ which mediate the events of the cell cycle
59
released by other cells and stimulate division
growth factors
60
made by platelets, facilitating division of fibroblasts
platelet-derived growth factor
61
define density-dependent inhibition
division is inhibited when optimum cell density is reached in the immediate vicinity
62
define anchorage dependence
to divide, cells must be attached to substratum
63
3 steps of binary fission
increases in size, doubles its DNA, and splits
64
in binary fission, the DNA replicates at the…
point of origin
65
ensures DNA separates correctly during binary fission
tethering of DNA to each side of the cell by proteins
66
mitotic differences in diatoms & yeasts
nuclear envelope does not break down
67
mitotic differences in dinoflagellates
partial breakdown of the nuclear envelope to allow microtubules through
68
transformation
cell becomes able to divide indefinitely

BI283—Genetics (5 decks)

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