Module 1: Topic 4-5 Flashcards

(24 cards)

1
Q

What are Properties of ALL cells?

A
  • Metabolism (take up nutrients, transform and then expel waste)
  • Growth (nutrients taken up - converted to new cell materials to form new cells)
  • Evolution (Cells evolve to display new properties)
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2
Q

What are Properties of SOME cells?

A
  • Differentiation (some cells form new cell structures e.g. spores)
  • Communication (via chemical messengers(
  • Genetic Exchange
  • Motility (self propulsion)
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3
Q

Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

  • No Nucleus
  • Nearly all have cell wall
  • No organelles

Eukaryotes

  • Some have cell walls, some don’t
  • Membrane bound nucleus
  • Generally larger than prokaryotes
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4
Q

What are the different shapes Prokaryotic cells form?

A
  • Cocci - sphere-shaped
  • Rod/Bacilli - cylinder shaped
  • Spiral/Spirilla - curved rods to tightly coiled bacteria
  • Appendaged Bacteria - cells have extensions like stalks or hypha
  • Filamentous - connected chains of cells (usually cocci or bacilli)
  • Other: square/star sharped, are very rare
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5
Q

Most common prokaryotic shape

A

Bacilli/Rod shaped

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6
Q

How do Cocci cells arrange themselves to be easier to ID?

A

Arrange over varying numbers of planes

  • Dip- is 1 planes
  • Strep- 1 planes in a chain
  • Tetrad - 2 planes
  • Some are random such as staphylococci
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7
Q

Normal measurements of prokaryotes

A

0.5-2 um diameter and 1-5 um in length

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8
Q

What is the advantage of smaller size?

A

Microbes absorb nutrients through their cell membrane - smaller cells have a greater surface to volume ration and therefore absorb more nutrients proportional to their demand

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9
Q

Where do Microbes Live?

A

Everywhere

water, land, extreme environments and in gut flora of animals

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10
Q

Describe the properties in water that different prokarotes thrive in

A

Bacteria - more prevalent close to surface where O2 and Temperature are higher

Archaea - deeper where there is lower temp/O2, use H2S for energy instead of heat/light

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11
Q

Where are microbes found in land?

A

In sediments and deep subsurface

  • esp in organic material in fertile soil and sediments
  • Near Groundwater usually
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12
Q

What role do microbes play in normal gut flora?

A

Important for immune development, behaviour, health and disease prevention

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13
Q

How do we know where microbes live?

A

Sample testing

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14
Q

Microbes live in communities and undergo symbiotic interactions - describe these interactions

A

Positive:

  • Mutualism
  • Synergism
  • Commensalism

Negative

  • Parasitism
  • Predation
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15
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship: Mutualism

A

Both require and benefit

e.g. lichen, gut microbiom

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16
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship: Synergism

A

Both benefit but don’t require

e.g. skin microbiota

17
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship: Commensalism

A

Only one benefits

e.g. cross-feeding

18
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship: Predation

A

E.g. protozoa/bacteria

Absorbs other microbe for nutrients, killing it

19
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship: Parasitism

A

E.g. viruses/pathogens

Uses host cell for functions

20
Q

When did first prokaryotic micro organisms evolve?

A

3.8 billion years ago

21
Q

What did the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrate?

A

That early earth atmosphere (reducing and lacking O2) was an environment that organic molecules (amino acids, sugars, nucelotides and fatty acids) could be synthesised in
- In presence of heat and electricity (high energy)

22
Q

What is the RNA theory for the origin of Life?

A

First self-replicating organisms thought to be made of RNA

23
Q

Describe the RNA theory for the origin of life (sequence of events)

A

RNA formed from pre-biotic compounds –> riboenzymes could self-replicate and carry out reactions (catalysis) –> became enclosed in lipid vesicles

  • -> Amino acids entered vesicles that enclosed RNA –> Proteins synthesised –> carry out catalytic activity in early cells –> more proteins –> more reactions
  • -> RNA eventually developed into DNA
24
Q

What is the subsurface hypothesis or the origin of life?

A

Life likely developed subsurface