Module 1 Unit 1

Question 1

Industries, in which the raw materials undergo chemical conversion during their processing into finished products, as well as the physical conversions common to industry in general.

Answer 1

Chemical process industries

Question 2

Chemical reactions applied to chemical processing.

Answer 2

Chemical conversions

Question 3

the burning of a fuel and oxidant to produce heat and/or work.

Answer 3

Combustion

Question 4

the process of heating a substance to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point, causing loss of moisture, reduction or oxidation, and dissociation into simpler substances.

Answer 4

Calcination

Question 5

a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures without the participation of oxygen. It involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition and physical phase, and is irreversible.

Answer 5

Cracking or Pyrolysis

Question 6

a reaction in which hydrogen is detached from a molecule. The reaction is strongly endothermic, and therefore heat must be supplied to maintain the reaction temperature.

Answer 6

Dehydrogenation

Question 7

a chemical reaction or process which results in the formation of a chemical bond between a halogen atom and another atom.

Answer 7

Halogenation

Question 8

a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound; this is achieved by breaking a covalent bond in the compound by inserting a water molecule across the bond.

Answer 8

Hydrolysis

Question 9

a chemical reaction involving the addition of oxygen, the removal of hydrogen, or the removal of an electron from a substance.

Answer 9

Oxidation

Question 10

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units

Answer 10

Polymerization

Question 11

the complete transfer of one or more electrons to a molecular entity (also called “electronation”), and, more generally, the reverse of the processes described under oxidation

Answer 11

Reduction

Question 12

PHYSICAL CONVERSIONS

Answer 12

changes are of a strictly physical nature

Question 13

a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid mixture

Answer 13

Distillation

Question 14

the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.

Answer 14

Filtration

Question 15

the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface

Answer 15

Adsorption

Question 16

the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Answer 16

Diffusion

Question 17

the (natural or artificial) process for the formation of solid crystals from a uniform solution. Crystallization is in general the last chemical purification step in the production of ingredients.

Answer 17

Crystallization

Question 18

the physical operations necessary for manufacturing chemicals

Answer 18

Unit Operations

Question 19

fluids filtration and solid fluidization

transportation,

Answer 19

Fluid flow processes

Question 20

evaporation, condensation

Answer 20

Heat transfer processes

Question 21

absorption, distillation, extraction, adsorption and drying

Answer 21

Mass transfer processes

Question 22

gas liquefaction and refrigeration

Answer 22

Thermodynamic processes

Question 23

transportation, crushing and pulverization and screening

Answer 23

Mechanical processes

Question 24

chemical operations - e.q. sulfonation, nitration, oxidation

Answer 24

Unit Processes

Question 25

fraction of raw material recovered as the desired product.

Answer 25

Yield

Question 26

fraction changed to something else – by-products as well as products
- used to indicate the amount changed by a single pass through an apparatus when multiple passes are used.

Answer 26

Conversion

Question 27

used in manufacturing, in which the object in question is created stage by stage over a series of workstations, and different batches of products are made.

Answer 27

Batch Process

Question 28

used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption.

Answer 28

Continuous Process

Question 29

a set of boxes interconnected to one another by arrows to show the flow of steps involved in the conversion of raw materials into finished products.

Answer 29

FLOW CHARTS

Question 30

– for the purpose of studying the process

- often show only material and energy flows and operating conditions

Answer 30

Rough-block diagram (simple)

Question 31

– for actual plant construction

- show such details as fire lines, instruments and control systems, air lines, drains, etc.

Answer 31

Complex-flow diagram

Question 32

a specialist in current aspects of chemical process design

Answer 32

Process Engineer

Question 33

a small-scale unit designed to allow experiments that obtain design data for larger plants and sometimes to produce significant quantities of a new product to permit user evaluation

Answer 33

Pilot plant

Question 34

Type of instrument that shows results by mechanical movement of some type of device which is proportional to the quantity being measured.

Answer 34

Analog instrument

Question 35

a device to convert the quantity being measured into some type of signal

Answer 35

Digital instrument

Question 36

includes convenient information concerning the actual equipment that can be supplied by various manufacturers

Answer 36

Chemical Engineering Catalog

Question 37

Judgment based on comparative facts must be exerted in most of the important discussions of the chemical engineer.

Answer 37

Competing Processes

Question 38

Yields and conversions of the chemical process form the basis for the material balances, which in turn are the foundation for cost determination.

Answer 38

Material Balances

Question 39

Is a frequently a major cost in chemical plants, but it is often possible to reduce energy use by altering processing procedures.

Answer 39

Energy

Question 40

Skilled operators contribute as much to a plant’s success as excellence in design. The chemical process industries have moved rapidly into labor – saving techniques

Answer 40

Labor

Question 41

• An experienced chemical engineer can closely estimate the cost of processing.
• The single largest cost is usually raw material, with energy, labor, overhead, and depreciation all being significant.

Answer 41

Overall Cost

Question 42

The physical condition of the products has a great influence on marketability

Answer 42

Purity and Uniformity of Product

Question 43

Packaging and storing are expensive and should be avoided whenever possible.

Answer 43

Packaging

Question 44

Customer service people are able to instruct customers concerning the profitable use of their employer’s products. Sales and customer service form the major contact between buyer and seller.

Answer 44

Sales and Customer Service