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Biochemistry 2 > Module 1: Unit 1 > Flashcards

Module 1: Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

A

The musculoskeletal system consists of muscle, bones, bone marrow, joints, cartilage, and bursae.

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2
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

The body contains 206 bones.

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3
Q

How many muscles are in the human body?

A

The body contains more than 600 muscles.

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4
Q

Where are joints located?

A

Joints are located any place that two or more bones meet and contain cartilage and bursae.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

The functions of the muscular system are movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

The functions of the skeletal system are to provide a framework for the body, protect the soft body parts such as the brain, store calcium, and produce blood cells.

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7
Q

How do the organs and structures of the musculoskeletal system work together?

A

They work together to protect, support, and move the body.

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8
Q

What is the medical prefix for bones?

A

oste/o

This prefix is used in various medical terms related to bones.

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9
Q

What is the medical prefix for cartilage?

A

chondr/o

This prefix is commonly found in terms related to cartilage.

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10
Q

What is the medical prefix for joints?

A

arthr/o

This prefix is used in medical terminology regarding joints.

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11
Q

What is the medical prefix for muscles?

A

my/o and myos/o

Both prefixes are utilized in terms related to muscle tissue.

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12
Q

What are the components of bone make-up?

A
  • Osseous (bony) tissue
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue)

These components work together to form the structure and function of bones.

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13
Q

How does cartilage compare to osseous tissue?

A
  • Resembles osseous (bony) tissue
  • More flexible
  • Less dense due to lack of calcium salts

Cartilage serves as a supportive structure but differs significantly from bone in composition and flexibility.

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14
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206 bones

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15
Q

What are long bones? Give examples.

A

Thigh, lower leg, upper arm, lower arm

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16
Q

What are short bones? Give examples.

A

Wrist, ankle

*Small irregular shaped

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17
Q

What are flat bones and where are they found?

A

Bones covering soft body parts

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18
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Small, rounded bones resembling grains of sesame, found near joints

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19
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Outermost layer of the bone made up of fibrous tissue

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20
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense, hard layers of bone tissue lying underneath the periosteum

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21
Q

What is cancellous (spongy) bone?

A

Bone that contains small spaces like a sponge, encased in compact bone

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22
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

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23
Q

What does the suffix -physis mean?

A

To grow

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24
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft or middle region of a long bone

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25
What is the epiphysis?
Each end of a long bone
26
What is the epiphyseal line or plate?
Area of cartilage tissue that is replaced by new bony tissue as the bone grows
27
What is bone marrow?
Material found in the cavities of bones
28
What is red marrow?
Thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and ends of long bones, location of blood cell formation
29
What is yellow marrow?
Soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
30
What is the maxilla?
Upper jawbone
31
What is the mandible?
Lower jawbone
32
What is the cranium?
Skull
33
What does the prefix 'Rachi/o' refer to?
Spine or vertebral column
34
What do 'Spondyl/o' and 'Vertebr/o' signify?
Vertebra
35
What does 'Disk/o' refer to?
Intervertebral disk
36
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (C1-C7)
37
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 (T1-T12)
38
What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae?
Articulate with 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
39
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (L1-L5)
40
What is the sacrum composed of?
5 fused vertebrae forming a triangular bone
41
What is the coccyx?
Four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
42
What is a lamina in the context of the vertebral column?
Part of the vertebral arch
43
What is the common name for the clavicle?
Collarbone Clavic/o Clavicul/o Supraclavicular
44
What is the scapula commonly referred to as?
Shoulder blade
45
What is the sternum also known as?
Breastbone Stern/o Substernal
46
What is the xiphoid process?
Lower part of the sternum
47
What are ribs also known as in medical terminology?
Cost/o
48
What is the humerus?
Upper arm bone Humeral Humer/o
49
Which bone is located on the pinky side of the lower arm?
Ulna Uln/o Ulnar
50
Which bone is located on the thumb side of the lower arm?
Radius Radi/o Radial
51
What are the carpal bones?
Wrist bones Carp/o Carpectomy
52
What are metacarpal bones?
Bones that are beyond the carpals Meta- = after, beyond, change Metacarpectomy
53
What are phalanges?
Finger and toe bones Phalang/o Phalangeal
54
What three bones make up the pelvic (hip) bones?
* Ischium: Bone which one sits Ischi/o * Ilium: Upper, wing-shaped, on each side Illi/o * Pubis: anterior portion of pelvis Pubic Pub/o
55
What is the femur?
Thigh (upper leg) bone Femoral Femor/o
56
What is the tibia commonly known as?
Shin bone Tibi/o Tibial
57
What is the fibula?
Smaller bone of the lower leg (lateral from the tibia) Fibul/o Fibular
58
What is the patella?
Kneecap Patell/o Patellar
59
What are tarsal bones?
Ankle bones (hind part of the foot) Tars/o
60
What is the calcaneus?
Heel bone, largest of the tarsals
61
What are metatarsal bones?
Foot bones (midfoot) Metatars/o Metatarsectomy
62
What are joints?
A coming together of two or more bones, also known as articulation ## Footnote The medical term for joints is Arthr/o.
63
What are suture joints?
Immovable joints that are closely united, such as skull bones ## Footnote Suture joints provide stability and protection.
64
What are synovial joints?
Freely movable joints, examples include hip, shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle ## Footnote The medical term for synovial joints is synovi/o.
65
What is the synovial membrane?
A membrane that lines the inner joint capsule ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in joint lubrication.
66
What is synovial fluid?
Fluid that lubricates the joints ## Footnote It reduces friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints.
67
What is the joint capsule?
A structure that surrounds a synovial joint ## Footnote It helps maintain joint stability.
68
What is articular cartilage?
Cartilage covering the ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint ## Footnote The medical term for cartilage is Chondr/o.
69
What is a meniscus?
Crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee ## Footnote The medical term for meniscus is Menisc/o.
70
What are bursae?
Closed sacs of synovial fluid located near a joint, serving as lubricating cushions between tissues ## Footnote The medical term for bursa is burs/o.
71
What is the function of ligaments?
Connecting tissue that binds bone to bone at a joint ## Footnote They provide stability to the joint.
72
What are tendons?
Connective tissue that connects muscles to bones ## Footnote The medical terms for tendons include ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o.
73
What does the combining form 'ankyl/o' mean?
Crooked, stiff, or bent ## Footnote Example terms: Ankylosis, Ankylosing spondylitis.
74
What does the combining form 'kinesi/o' refer to?
Movement or motion ## Footnote Example term: Kinesiology.
75
What does the combining form 'kyph/o' indicate?
Hump ## Footnote Example term: Kyphosis.
76
What does the combining form 'lord/o' mean?
Bent forward (curve, swayback) ## Footnote Example term: Lordosis.
77
What does the combining form 'myel/o' stand for?
Bone marrow ## Footnote Example term: Multiple myeloma.
78
What does the combining form 'my/o' or 'myos/o' represent?
Muscle ## Footnote Example terms: Myositis, Myopathy.
79
What does the combining form 'oste/o' refer to?
Bone ## Footnote Example term: Osteomyelitis.
80
What does the combining form 'petr/o' mean?
Stone ## Footnote Example term: Osteopetrosis.
81
What does the combining form 'scoli/o' indicate?
Crooked or curved ## Footnote Example term: Scoliosis.
82
What does the prefix 'inter-' mean?
between ## Footnote Example: Intervertebral disk
83
What does the prefix 'supra-' mean?
above ## Footnote Example: Supraclavicular
84
What do the prefixes 'sym-' and 'syn-' signify?
together, joined ## Footnote Examples: Symphysis, Syndrome
85
What does the suffix '-asthenia' indicate?
weakness ## Footnote Example: Myasthenia
86
What do the suffixes '-clasia', '-clasis', and '-clast' mean?
break ## Footnote Examples: Arthroclasia, Osteoclasis, Osteoclast
87
What does the suffix '-desis' refer to?
surgical fixation, fusion ## Footnote Example: Vertebral arthrodesis
88
What does the suffix '-physis' mean?
growth ## Footnote Examples: Symphysis, Epiphysis
89
What does the suffix '-schisis' signify?
split, fissure ## Footnote Example: cranioschisis
90
Name a disease term built from word parts that includes 'ankylosis'.
ankylosis ## Footnote Other terms include: lordosis, arthritis, maxillitis
91
Name a disease term built from word parts that includes 'bursitis'.
bursitis ## Footnote Other terms include: meniscitis, chondromalacia, myasthenia
92
What is the term for the inflammation of a disk?
diskitis ## Footnote Related terms: osteitis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis (OA)
93
What is the term for the abnormal curvature of the spine known as hunchback?
kyphosis
94
Abduction
drawing away from the middle
95
Adduction
Drawing toward the middle
96
Eversion
Turning outward
97
Inversion
Turning inward

Biochemistry 2 (22 decks)

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