MODULE 1 (Unit 1 and Unit 2) Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
microbiology (Gk)
A
small - life - study of
2
Q
small organisms
A
microorganisms / microbes
3
Q
noncellular entities
A
viruses, viroids, prions
4
Q
study of structure, functions, and activities of bacteria
A
bacteriology
5
Q
unicellular, varied size and shape
A
bacteria
6
Q
cell walls of bacteria
A
carbohydrate & protein complex (peptidoglycan)
7
Q
process of bacteria reproduction into two equal cells
A
binary fission
8
Q
2 major groups of bacteria
A
eubacteria & cyanobacteria
9
Q
disease-causing bacteria, “true bacteria”
A
eubacteria
10
Q
“blue-green algae”, photosynthetic
A
cyanobacteria
11
Q
chlorophyll of cyanobacteria is contained in a specialized lamellae called
A
thylakoid (not chloroplast)
12
Q
ancient type of bacteria
A
archaebacteria
13
Q
similar configuration w/ bacteria
A
archaea
14
Q
hot, salty, low in organic material inhabitants lived 3.86 B yrs ago
A
extremophiles
15
Q
produce methane as a waste product from respiration
A
methanogens
16
Q
L. salt-loving
A
extreme halophiles
17
Q
L. heat-loving
A
thermophiles
18
Q
non-motile, non-photosynthetic
A
fungi
19
Q
cell wall of fungi
A
chitin
20
Q
ready-made nutrients absorbed by fungi - source of carbon and energy
A
organic molecules
21
Q
Groups of fungi
A
microscopic - yeast & mold
macroscopic - mushroom
22
Q
groups of microscopic fungi
A
unicellular - yeast
multicellular - mold
23
Q
reproduce asexually by budding
A
yeast
24
Q
fundamental unit structure of molds that may bear spores
A
hypha/hyphae
25
long, threadlike filaments
hypha/hyphae
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fuzzy mass of hyphae
mycelium
27
study of organisms that live at the expense of another organism
parasitology
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unicellular, microscopic parasites
protozoa
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multicellular, macroscopic parasites
helminths & arthropods
30
diverse science of microbiology
protozoology
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animal-like, unicellular, non-photosynthetic, lack cell wall, motile/nonmotile
protozoa
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temporary cytoplasmic extensions
pseudopodia
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long, whiplike appendage
flagellum
34
short, hairlike processes (eyelash)
cilia
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entamoeba hystolytica
pseudopodia
36
Sarcoastigophora (pathogenic amoeba)
pseudopodia
37
Mastigophora
flagellum
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Giardia lamblia
flagellum
39
Ciliophora
cilia
40
Balantidium coli
cilia
41
Phylum Apicomplexa
sporozoa
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fourth major group of protozoa
sporozoa
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immobile strict parasites
sporozoa
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produce sexually and asexually in alternate generations
sporozoa
45
group of minute particles that parasitize living things
virus
46
viruses can only be observed thru electron microscope
ultramicroscopic
47
viruses can only pass thru bacteriologic filter (0.22 to 0.45 um)
filterable agents
48
cell structures that virus lack
cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus
49
four possible configurations
ssDNA
ssRNA
dsDNA
dsRNA
50
protective protein coat of nucleic acid
capsid
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repeating units of proteins
capsomere
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nucleic acid core + capsid
nucleocapsid
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nucleocapsid can either be
enveloped or non-envelope (naked)
54
outer membrane layer
glycoproteins - virus
lipids - host cell membrane
envelope
55
viruses require a host cell to survive and replicate
obligate intracellular
56
used by viruses to synthesize proteins and produce energy
host's machinery
57
susceptible to viral infection
every organism
58
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages/phages
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seaweed
Gr. "phykes"
60
Phycology
Algology
61
study of various types of algae
Phycology
62
plant-like, photosynthetic
algae
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unicellular algae
microscopic diatoms and dinoflagellates
64
multicellular algae
macroscopic seaweed (no roots, leaves, stem)
65
variant of green alga Chlorella that causes protothecosis
Prototheca
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manifestation of protothecosis
skin ulcers
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associated with dinoflagellates, subdivision of Pyrophyta - caused by consumption of contaminated shellfish
paralytic shellfish poisoning
68
produces neurotoxin that cause paralysis
dinoflagellates
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danger increases during seasons favored for
algal multiplication/algal blooms
70
a characteristic red color to the water indicative of great abundance of neurotoxin of shellfish in the region
redtide
71
ancient Egypt and China; Classical period
Antiquity/Ancient Civilization
72
practices and laws in order to prevent occurrence and spread of diseases in Ancient Civilization (4)
isolation of the sick
burying of waste materials
prohibition of eating animals who died of natural causes
practice of personal hygiene by simply washing and keeping clean
73
In European history, it lasted from the 5th to the 15th century; general stagnation of culture and learning for almost 1000 years; diseases were caused by curses from gods; epidemics of smallpox, syphilis, rabies and other diseases
Middle Ages/Medieval period
74
scientific methods were developed which led many to believe that the use of science would lead to all knowledge; throwing back the shroud of myth; began approximately in the 16th century
Modern Period/Western civilization
75
New information about the world was discovered via
empirical observation
76
Italian physician; observed occurrence of epidemics of syphilis and typhus (1500s);
Girolamo Fracastoro (Fracastorius)
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epidemic diseases are caused by tiny particles that transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances (book, year, author)
De Contagione (1546, Girolamo Fracastoro)
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the name syphilis was derived from (author’s *year* + name)
Fracastoro’s 1530 epic poem in 3 books about a shepherd named Syphilus
79
unlikely scientist; tradesman from Holland; apprenticed as a draper (fabric merchant), learned to grind lenses, made simple microscopes and began observing with them; Father of Microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
80
year when Leeuwenhoek first observed live bacteria using a simple microscope
1667
81
Leeuwenhoek discovered: (4)
- bacteria
- protozoans
- microscopic algae
- nematode
82
hundreds of tiny, living animals
animalcules
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Leeuwenhoek’s device also observed:
sperm cells, blood cells. and much more
84
Period when Leeuwenhoek convinced scientists of the existence of miroorganisms
17th century
85
Leeuwenhoek did not speculate on the
- origin of those microorganism
| - association with the cause of disease
86
belief or hypothetical process stating that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (i.e. life could develop from non-life)
spontaneous generation/abiogenesis
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an Italian physician and poet who made the first serious attack on the idea of spontaneous generation + year
Francesco Redi (1668)
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variety of flask in Redi’s experiment
- open to air
- sealed
- covered w/ gauze
89
maggots appeared only in the ________ flasks in which the flies could reach the meat and lay their eggs
open flasks
90
The Theory of Spontaneous Generation was debated upon for about two centuries
1650 to 1850
91
The theory of spontaneous generation was finally laid to rest in 1859 by a powerful opponent in the person of the young French chemist
Louis Pasteur
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When and who sponsored a contest for the best experiment either proving or disproving spontaneous generation?
French Academy of Sciences, 1864
93
Louis Pasteur during French Academy of Sciences (2)
- *refuted* the theory of spontaneous generation
| - convincingly demonstrated that *microorganisms are everywhere* - even in the air
94
Pasteur discovered the method of attenuation of microorganisms that is the basis of vaccination (chicken cholera, anthrax, rabies).
Development of Vaccines (1880 - 1890)
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Application of mild heating to kill spoilage- and disease-causing microorganisms.
Pasteurization Technique
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In the classic pasteurization treatment of milk, the milk was exposed to a temperature of about 63oC for 30 minutes, called the
holding method
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he concept that specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism
Germ Theory of Disease
98
Since then, this technique has long been employed to alcoholic beverages, milk and other dairy products.
He proposed the biological process of FERMENTATION.
99
an antigenic material used to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop immunity against a pathogen; administration of a vaccine
Development of Vaccines (1880 - 1890)
100
French emperor, Napoleon III asked Pasteur to investigate the diseases afflicting wine which were causing considerable economic losses to the wine industry.
biological process of FERMENTATION.
101
In 1864, Pasteur demonstrated that wine diseases are caused by some bacteria (Acetobacter) which may change alcohol into acetic acid.
He proposed the biological process of FERMENTATION.
102
The defeat of spontaneous generation: Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment [Arrange]
1. The liquid cooled slowly. Air could enter the flask, but airborne microorganisms could not - they would settle by gravity in the neck. As Pasteur had expected, no microorganisms grew.
2. Non-sterile liquid is poured out into a flask.
3. When Pasteur tilted the flask so that the broth reached the lowest point in
the neck, where any airborne particles would have settled, the broth rapidly became cloudy with life.
4. The neck of the flask was heated in a flame until it became pliable, and bent it into the shape of an S.
5. Liquid was sterilized by heating
1. D.
2. A
3. B.
4. E.
5. C.
103
a German scientist and is Pasteur’s contemporary
Robert Koch
104
Koch studied a disease of cattle that occasionally occurs in humans.
Anthrax
105
Koch was named as the Father of Bacteriologic Techniques.
pure cultures of microorganisms
106
In Koch's experiments, he used diseased and healthy mice as experimental animals. He injected a small amount of blood from a diseased mouse into a healthy mouse and the disease anthrax was quickly transferred. He took blood from the second mouse injected it into another, and again obtained the characteristic disease symptoms.
Anthrax
107
In 1881, following the formulation of media chiefly made up of meat extract and protein digests.
pure cultures of microorganisms
108
In 1882, Koch discovered the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
109
Koch was able to accomplish this feat alongside his colleagues
pure cultures of microorganisms
110
use of agar to solidify culture media
Fanny Hesse
111
fashioned the Petri dish
Richard Petri
112
introduced the use of aniline dyes for staining microorganisms
Paul Ehrlich
113
In 1884, on the basis of Koch's other experiments, he formulated the criteria for proving the germ theory of disease.
Koch’s postulate
114
germ theory of disease was conceptualized and given experimental support by
Robert Koch
115
Discoveries in what provided indirect evidence for the importance of microorganisms in causing human diseases.
Sanitation
116
a Hungarian physician employed in Vienna General Hospital in Austria | During his practice in the rain institution, he observed the high incidence of maternal mortality (death following delivery) due to puerperal fever.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
117
In 1847 Semmelweis proposed that the incidence maternal mortality could be drastically cut by use of
hand washing standards
118
Semmelweis suggested hand washing in
chlorinated lime solution
119
the incidence of maternal mortality declined from up to what % earning him the title “Savior of Mothers”
30% to 1 to <5%
120
an English surgeon, used the antiseptic properties of phenol in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery | decided that the wounds themselves had to be thoroughly cleaned
Joseph Lister
121
Lister covered the wounds with a piece of rag or lint covered in
phenol/carbolic acid
122
The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the substitution of
aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery
123
introduced the first successful vaccination | wondered if intentionally giving cowpox to people would protect them against smallpox | Father of Vaccination
Edward Jenner
124
From the early days of his career Edward Jenner had been intrigued by country-lore which said that people who caught [1] from their cows could not catch [2].
- cowpox (vaccinia virus)
| - smallpox (variola virus)
125
In what year Jenner published a pamphlet on his work, where prominent physicians confirmed his findings within a few years, and his method of vaccination spread through Europe and abroad.
1798
126
In May 1796, a dairy maid came to Jenner’s office with lesions of cowpox evident on her hand
Sarah Nelmes
127
Jenner took material from the lesions and scratched (variolated) it into the skin of a boy named
James Phipps
128
The boy soon developed a slight fever, but recovered. Six weeks after the variolation he inoculated the young boy with material from a
smallpox lesion
129
Within days, the boy developed a reaction at the site but failed to show any sign of smallpox. He then repeated his experiments with other children, including his own son. His therapeutic technique of vaccination (vacca = “cow”) worked in all cases and eliminated the risks associated with
variolation
130
introduced the concept of phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff
131
blood cells were also important in
cellular immunity
132
what are the blood leukocytes that could engulf disease-causing bacteria? (1882)
phagocytes
133
“eating” in greek
phagein
134
defined as the use of chemical agent/s drugs in the treatment of disease (cancer)
Chemotherapy
135
coined the term chemotherapy and headed the world’s first institute concerned with the development of drugs to treat disease
Paul Ehrlich
136
His discovery that certain dyes stained microorganisms but not animal cells suggested that dyes or other chemicals might selectively kill microbial cells. Name the dye.
aniline dyes
137
a chemical that would destroy specific bacteria without damaging surrounding tissues
magic bullet
138
a chemotherapeutic agent, an arsenic derivative used in the treatment of syphilis
salvarsan/arsphenamine
139
a colony of Penicillium mold contaminating culture of Staphylococcus bacteria had prevented growth of
bacteria adjacent to itself
140
who was the the first to recognize Penicillium mold’s potential for countering infections
Alexander Flemming
141
became available as a safe and versatile chemotherapeutic agent for use in humans
Penicillin
142
involves the study of pathogens, the nature and development of diseases that they cause and the body’s defenses against such diseases | concerned with transmission of pathogens, disease prevention measures, aseptic techniques, treatment of infectious diseases, and immunology
Medical Microbiology
143
studies the factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of diseases
Epidemiology
144
is concerned with how the immune system protects the body from pathogens and the response of infectious agents
Immunology
145
concerned with the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases of humans
clinical or diagnostic microbiology
146
isolate and identify pathogenic microbes and suggest possible treatment to clinicians
Clinical microbiology laboratories
147
centers on the spread and control of infectious diseases among animals
Veterinary Microbiology
148
infectious diseases of humans acquired from animals, is another area of major importance in veterinary microbiology
Zoonoses or zoonotic diseases
149
studies the harmful and beneficial roles of microbes in plants and crops; in the production of foods from plants and crops; in soil formation and fertility; in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles; and in the digestive processes of cows and other ruminants
Agricultural Microbiology
150
A significant breakthrough in the field of Agricultural Microbiology
role of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria in soil fertility
151
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g. Rhizobia species) in the root nodules of legumes convert nitrogen gas from air into ammonia
nitrogen-fixation
152
ammonia is then converted into nitrites and nitrates by nitrifying bacteria in soil used by plants to build plant proteins, thereby reducing the need for fertilizers.
nitrification
153
primarily concerned with the role of microorganisms in food production such as in the manufacture of dairy products; breads; alcoholic beverages; plant products; and fish products
Food microbiology
154
Food microbiology also explores on the use of microorganisms as
food source
155
a food substitute consisting of microbial cells (e.g., Spirulina)
single cell protein (SCP)
156
Food microbiologists employ various methods such as the use of heat, cold, radiation, and chemical preservatives to prevent food spoilage and food poisoning
food preservation
157
Food poisoning associated with microorganisms may be of 2 mechanisms:
Food-borne infection & Food intoxication
158
results when the contaminating organism infects the person who ingests the contaminated food
Food-borne infection
159
occurs when toxin formed in food by microbial growth and is ingested with the food. Toxins produced in the food can be associated with live microbial cells or can be released from the lysed bacterial cells.
Food intoxication
160
Scientists specializing in this field oversees the grading, pasteurization and processing of milk to prevent contamination, spoilage and transmission of diseases from environmental sources.
Dairy Microbiology
161
involves the study and detection of risks associated with the production, manufacture or consumption of foods and water to ensure that microbial pathogens are not transferred to man
Sanitary Microbiology
162
Sanitary microbiologists guarantee public safety by [1] to ensure that no pathogens are carried to consumer by drinking water and by [2] and eating establishments to ensure that proper food handling procedures are being enforced.
- purification and processing of water supplies
| - inspection of food processing installations
163
Additionally, sanitary microbiologists monitor processing and disposal of
garbage and sewage wastes
164
By performing well-developed and standardized methods, sanitary microbiologists assess [1] to ensure its suitability for consumption.
water quality
165
A widely used indicator for microbial water contamination is the
--
166
useful because many of them inhabit the intestinal tract of humans and other animals; their presence in water indicates likely fecal contamination
coliform group of bacteria
167
Water samples are collected and analyzed in [1] to rule out or detect and confirm the presence of coliform group of bacteria.
water testing laboratories
168
encompasses the monitoring and maintenance of essential microorganisms for commercial enterprises
Industrial Microbiology
169
Business and industries depend on microorganisms to harvest desired products on a
large scale production
170
Products produced by or derived from microorganisms that have been made available for public consumption include
- antibiotics
- vaccines
- enzymes
- amino acids
- vitamins
- beer
- wine
- other alcoholic beverages
171
The activities of industrial microbiologists do not only involve identification of microbes of use to industry. Rather, they also engineer microbes with desirable traits and devise systems for culturing them and isolating the products they make | includes any technique that uses living orgs or substances produced by these orgs to make or modify a product, to improve plant or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific purpose.
biotechnology
172
the study of the interrelationships among microorganisms and other microorganisms and the environment | relates primarily to the overall microbial processes that occur in soil, water, or food, as examples
Microbial Ecology or Environmental Microbiology
173
They study the global and local contributions of microorganisms to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.
Microbial ecologists
174
Microbial ecologists examine [1] that may exist in soils, waters, or in association with other organisms, including humans.
natural microbial communities
175
This field of microbiology has become important because of an increased concern about the environment, particularly about pollution
environmental microbiology
176
important because of the impact these organisms have on the environment
analysis of the effects of pollution on microorganisms
177
centers on the role of microorganisms in the Biogeochemical Cycle
Soil Microbiology
178
refers to the recycling of chemical elements by microorganisms for use by other microorganisms which is perhaps the most important role of soil microbes.
biogeochemical cycle
179
decompose organic matter and transform C-, N-, S- & P-containing compounds into usable forms
Soil microbes
180
All organisms need this to synthesize protein, nucleic acids, and other nitrogen- containing compounds
nitrogen
181
During nitrogen cycle, nitrogen in the atmosphere goes through [1], [2], and [3].
- fixation
- nitrification
- denitrification
182
Nitrates assimilated into plants and animals after nitrificatlon go through [1], [2], and then [3] again.
- decomposition
- ammonification
- nitrification
183
deals with the study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters which include lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries and sea
Aquatic Microbiology
184
important concern as one form of water pollution
microbial pollution of water
185
Environmental microbiologists that specialize in aquatic microbiology are concerned about
water and sewage treatment
186
it is partially accomplished by bacteria in the holding tanks of sewage disposal plants, where feces, garbage, and other organic materials are collected and reduced to harmless waste
purification of waste water
187
The most dangerous form of water pollution occurs when
feces enter the water supply
188
Many diseases are perpetuated by this mode of transmission, in which a pathogen is shed in human or animal feces, contaminates water, and is ingested.
fecal-oral route of transmission
189
Examples of such diseases are [1] and [2] caused by bacteria that are shed only in human feces.
- typhoid fever
| - cholera
190
involves the use of microbes for treatment o f wastes and to to detoxify or degrade pollutants such as those coming from industrial plants or oil spills in waters
Bioremediation
191
Scientists use microorganisms as [1] to clean up industrial and toxic wastes in the environment.
natural pollution fighter
192
Oil spills from wrecked tankers represent some of the most dramatic examples of
chemical pollution
193
The economic losses from [1] can be enormous.
contaminated fisheries and beaches
194
Bioremediation may be employed by use of microbes that can gradually but completely degrade [1] (e.g., petroleum) to [2].
organic pollutants to carbon dioxide
195
place where the oil spill occurred in Alaska in 1989
Exxon Valdez
196
this species degrade oil for their carbon and energy requirement
Pseudomonas species
197
deficient in essential elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus
petroleum hydrocarbons
198
Bioremediation of oil spills is greatly enhanced if the microbes used are provided with “fertilizer” (i.e. plant fertilizers) containing nitrogen and phosphorus, a process also referred to as | it involves addition of nutrients to speed up bioremediation
bioaugmentation
199
science of microbiology revolves around two interconnected themes:
a. understanding the...
b. applying our understanding of the microbial world for the benefit of
- microbial world
| - humankind and our planet
200
Perhaps one of the most advanced contribution of microbes to man is by providing insight on how scientists, particularly geneticists, can provide
cure to some diseases which were before deemed as “untreatable”.
201
provides a clear understanding of the function of microorganisms, the structure of DNA, and the science of genetics, the study of heredity
Microbial Physiology and Genetics
202
Scientists specializing in the field of Microbial Physiology and Genetics focuses on the nature of [1] and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms.
genetic information
203
refers to gene manipulation to produce a desired gene product
Genetic Engineering
204
Genetic Engineering involves the transfer and insertion of genes from one cell to another, so that when the cell receives a new gene, it can produce the gene product that is coded by that gene. This is called
Recombinant DNA Technology
205
these cells chosen are those that are easily cultured in order to facilitate the large production of important gene products
recipient cells
206
during genetic engineering, microorganisms are commonly used as
biological factories
207
Examples of such advances include the use of genetically engineered bacteria in the production of insulin and interferons.
E. coli
208
involves the study of microbial DNA, chromosomes, plasmids, and genes which has been very helpful in understanding the structure and function of genes (i.e., DNA)
Microbial genetics
209
The field of microbial genetics has made a great impact on how some diseases may be treated by the process known today as
gene therapy
210
Gene therapy is another interesting and exciting outcome of
recombinant DNA technology
211
Gene therapy involves treating disease by [1] or [2].
- replacing abnormal genes
| - providing missing genes
212
Disease treatment is facilitated by insertion of [1] into a cell to correct problems associated with abnormally functioning genes.
normally functioning genes
213
This technique uses [1] to carry the missing or new gene and insert it into the chromosome.
harmless virus
