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Clinical Bacteriology [Lecture] > MODULE 1 (Unit 3) > Flashcards

MODULE 1 (Unit 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

a branch of biology that is concerned with the classification of all living organisms in ordered system that indicates a natural relationship

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q
  • arrangement

- name

A
  • taxis

- nomos

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3
Q

this approach is employed in which organisms are characterized, named, and classified according to defined criteria

A

systematic approach

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4
Q

In bacterial taxonomy, bacteria are grouped into [1], or [2] with precise names, to show degrees of similarities among them hence enabling microbiologists to communicate with each other in an efficient manner.

A

categories or taxa/taxon

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5
Q

Example, [1] which is a member of the normal intestinal flora of man belongs in the same family as the pathogenic [2].

A
  • Escherichia coli

- Klebsiella pneumoniae

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6
Q

is the categorization of organisms into related group or taxon

A

Classification

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7
Q

The arrangement of organisms into groups are primarily based on [1], [2] or [3].

A
  • similar characteristics
  • evolutionary similarity
  • common ancestry
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8
Q

refers to the naming of an organism by international rules according to its characteristics.

A

Nomenclature

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9
Q
  • name

- to call

A
  • nomen (L.)

- clare (L.)

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10
Q

involves the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be confirmed as belonging to a previously established taxon

A

Identification

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11
Q

In a clinical laboratory setting, it is the practical use of a [1] to isolate and identify the causative agent of a disease.

A

classification scheme

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12
Q

are needed to organize all of life into a system that everyone recognizes, to show evolutionary or other relationships between organisms

A

Classification systems

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13
Q

Similar with the field of microbiology, the classification of bacteria also have a long history which originated in the

A

1700’s

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14
Q

a Swedish botanist, was the first to classify organisms based on early descriptions of organisms as either animals (Kingdom Animalia) or plants (Kingdom Plantae). It is for this reason that he is know as the “Father of Taxonomy”.

A

Carl von Linné (Linnaeus; 1707 - 1778)

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15
Q

In Linneaus’ honor, the first classification system was referred to as the

A

Linnean taxonomy

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16
Q

he was the first to create a natural kingdom for microscopic organisms which have been discovered nearly 2 centuries before by Leeuwenhoek (1667) thereby introducing the so-called three-kingdom classification

A

Ernst Haeckel (1866)

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17
Q

The third group to which these microorganisms were grouped under was called

A

Kingdom Protista

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18
Q

The development of the [1] in the 1950s revealed a fundamental dichotomy among the microscopic Protista.

A

electron microscope

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19
Q

That is, some of these organisms possess [1] but are lacking of [2].

A
  • membrane bound nucleus

- membrane-bound organelles

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20
Q

an ecologist working at Cornell University refined the existing three-kingdom classification of organisms into five kingdoms

A

Robert H. Whittaker (1969)

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21
Q

Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification include

A
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Protista (protozoans and single-celled algae)
  • Fungi (Mycetae)
  • Monera (Prokaryotae)
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22
Q

There were 3 major criteria used to classify organisms into each kingdom:

A
  • Cell Type
  • Cellular Organization
  • Nutritional Type
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23
Q

Cell Type

possess a membrane-bound nucleus | Animals, plants, algae, protozoa, and fungi

A

Eukaryotic

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24
Q

Cell Type

lack nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic

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25
All bacteria are classified as
prokaryotes
26
kingdom Monera is also known as Kingdom
Prokaryotae
27
Cellular Organization organism live in a colony such as in the case of bacteria
colonial
28
Cellular Organization alone, similar with the protozoa
solitary
29
Cellular Organization single cell like bacterium
unicellular
30
Cellular Organization several cells such as plants and animals
multicellular
31
Nutritional Type - Food procurement Some microbes obtain food either by way of mouth or a similar apparatus.
ingestion
32
Nutritional Type - Food procurement - Ingestion A few protozoans for example possess a specialized “cell mouth” called [1] through which food passes.
cytostome
33
Nutritional Type - Food procurement - Ingestion Another group of protozoans, the amoebas, are able to extend part of their cytoplasm and surround a nearby food particle thereby “[1]” it.
ingesting
34
Nutritional Type - Food procurement Other microbes such as the fungi feed by [1] of readymade nutrients form their environment.
absorption
35
Nutritional Type - Energy source obtains energy from sunlight by photosynthesis
phototroph
36
Nutritional Type - Energy source obtains energy by oxidation of organic or inorganic chemical components
chemotroph
37
Nutritional Type - Carbon source utilize the only inorganic carbon-containing compound, carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. They are capable of synthesizing their own cellular materials from carbon dioxide, hence are known as “self-feeder”(auto = self; troph = feeding)
Autotrophs
38
Nutritional Type - Carbon source require organic compounds as carbon source. Being unable to manufacture their own food, they rely on other sources of organic carbon for biosynthesis. For this reason, they are called “feeders on others” (hetero = other; troph = feeding).
Heterotrophs
39
Nutritional Type - Carbon source - Heterotrophs feed on the living tissues or body fluids of their host
parasites
40
Nutritional Type - Carbon source - Heterotrophs derive organic carbon from dead, decaying matter
saprobes or saprophytes
41
Nutritional Type - Energy source + Carbon source
- photoautotrophs - photoheterotrophs - chemoautotrophs - chemoheterotrophs.
42
consists of multicellular, chemoheterotrophs that procure food mainly by ingestion
Animalia
43
include multicellular organisms that are absorptive and photoautotrophic
Plantae
44
are multicellular (except for yeast) organisms which are absorptive and are generally chemheterotrophs
Fungi
45
are organisms that have either a single cell or no distinct tissues and organs, such as protozoa and algae
Protista
46
are absorptive, photoautotrophic organisms
Algae
47
are ingestive chemoheterophic organisms
Protozoa
48
unicellular, absorptive organisms, which are diverse in terms of their carbon and energy source
Prokaryotes
49
examples of Prokaryotes
bacteria and archeae
50
Organisms are classified based on similarities of observable traits or characteristics | This system was widely used for bacterial classification.
Phenetic System of Classification
51
Bacteria were grouped according to their
- similarities in morphology (cell shapes, grouping) - staining property - physiologic requirements (temperature, oxygen, pH) - metabolism - ecology
52
is based on the concept of evolutionary relationships among types of organisms
Phylogenetic Classification System
53
provide a method for comparing cells since they are present in all cells
Ribosomes
54
studied and compared the rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) sequences (16S) in different cell types and found that there are three distinctly different cell groups: the eukaryotes, and two different types of prokaryotes — the bacteria and archaea
Carl Woese (1978)
55
Carl Woese proposed elevating the three cell types to a level above kingdom, called
domain
56
three-domain system for classifying organisms includes the
- Domain Bacteria - Domain Archaea - Domain Eukarya
57
is a relatively new level in the classification hierarchy. It was erected mainly to preserve the kingdoms as we know them
The Domain
58
the former kingdom [1], which included all prokaryotes (lacking a nucleus), was recently split into two domains
Monera
59
Domain [1], which includes the true bacteria
Bacteria
60
Domain [1], a group of organisms completely unlike the bacteria, except for the lack of a nucleus.
Archaea
61
A taxonomy has an overlapping hierarchy that forms [1] or [2] similar to an organization chart.
levels of rank or category
62
Each rank contains microorganisms that have
similar characteristics
63
A rank can also have [1] that contain microorganisms
other ranks
64
Microorganisms that belong to a lower rank have characteristics that are associated with a [1] to which the lower rank belongs.
higher rank
65
However, characteristics of microorganisms of a lower rank are not found in microorganisms that belong to the same higher rank as the [1] microorganism.
lower-rank
66
In the taxonomy of prokaryotes, the most commonly used rank (in order from most general to most specific) is:
- Domain - Kingdom - Phyla (sing. Phylum) - Class - Order - Family - Genus (pl. Genera) - Species
67
The basic taxonomic group in microbial taxonomy is the
species
68
Species in higher organisms is defined as a group of
interbreeding or potentially interbreeding natural population
69
Species among bacteria, however, is defined as a group of bacterial cells with shared characteristics, or a [1], a group of bacterial cells that descend from a single parent cell, and differs slightly from other cells within the same species
collection of strains
70
can also be further differentiated as to their physiology, morphology, pathology, and on the basis of their surface antigens
bacterial strains
71
Bacterial strains is strain that differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains
biovar
72
Bacterial strains are those strains that differ morphologically
morphovar
73
Bacterial strains are those strains that have antigenic properties that differ from other strains
Serovars
74
Bacterial strains is a bacterial strain or set of strains that differ from other strains on the basis of distinctive pathogenicity
pathovar
75
[1] is the assignment of names to taxonomic groups. Bacteria are named according to rules established by [2]
- Nomenclature | - International Code of Nomenclature
76
A standard reference is used for bacterial taxonomy which is the
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
77
It is considered as the authority on bacterial taxonomy, with the [1], and [2] of all bacteria which is also a practical aid for bacterial identification.
- published classification | - approved names
78
Each taxon is given [1] names with suffixes to indicate a particular taxonomic group
latinized
79
These are the [1] that are used for various taxonomic levels.
endings
80
At present, the trend is to place emphasis on the Genus and species, aka [1], whereby each group of organism is given 2 names, the [2a] name and the [2b], which comprise the scientific name
- Binomial System of Nomenclature | - genus name and species epithet
81
The first letter of the Genus/generic name is ALWAYS [1]. The first letter of the species epithet is NEVER a [2].
- capitalized | - capital letter
82
When appearing in print, scientific names MUST BE [1] or [2].
italicized or underlined
83
Scientific names are often shortened by abbreviating the [1] with a single capital letter
genus name
84
Some bacteria are given common name/s – trivial names which may be: a. descriptive of the organism’s... b. honorary of the organism’s...
A. morphology, habitat or attribute | B. discoverer
85
is the process of observing and classifying organisms into a standard group that is recognized throughout the biological community
Identification
86
In the aspect of Clinical Bacteriology, pathogenic bacteria in patient specimens are identified by growing them in [1] in clinical laboratories.
pure cultures
87
A standard reference to aid in the identification of unknown bacteria, the [1] was published by the Committee on Characterization and Classification of the Society of American Bacteriologists.
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
88
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology The book consists of a systematic guide on the [1] of bacterial isolates
phenotypic characterization
89
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology The outline of process includes:
- inoculation - incubation - isolation - inspection - identification of specific species

Clinical Bacteriology [Lecture] (4 decks)

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