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Comprehensive Review > MODULE 1.1: AUTOMATION > Flashcards

MODULE 1.1: AUTOMATION Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Advantages of Automation

A

Speed of performance
Elimination of visual fatigue
Improved precision

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2
Q

The two basic cell counting principles employed in most hematology analyzers

A

Electrical Impedance and optical scatter or detection

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3
Q

aspirating unit, dispensers, dilutors, mixing chambers, aperture baths and/or flow cells and hemoglobinometer

A

Hydraulics

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4
Q

vacuums and pressures for operating valves and moving the sample through the system

A

Pneumatics

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5
Q

electronic analyzers and computing circuitry for processing data

A

Electrical systems

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6
Q

aka low-voltage DC resistance; most common methodology used;

A

Electrical Impedance

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7
Q

Two examples of electrical impedance counters

A

Coulter counter and Sysmex counter

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8
Q

Cells that do not conduct current but rather change electrical resistance

A

Voltage pulses

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9
Q

Size threshold range of RBCs

A

36-360 fL

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10
Q

Size threshold range of WBCs

A

45-450 fL

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11
Q

Size threshold range of Lymphocytes

A

45-90 fL

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12
Q

size threshold range of monocytes

A

90-160 fL

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13
Q

size threshold range of granulocytes

A

160-450 fL

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14
Q

size threshold range of platelets

A

2-20 fL

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15
Q

Optical scatter is the principle of

A

Technicon Autoanalyzer

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16
Q

Uses detection of interference in a laser beam or light source to differentiate and enumerate cell types

A

Optical scatter systems

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17
Q

Forward angle light scatter measures

A

cell size

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18
Q

Side angle light scatter measures

A

cell granularity and lobularity

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19
Q

RBC (no nucleus)

A

no light scatter

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20
Q

RBC (w/ nucleus)

A

light scatter

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21
Q

halogen lamp

A

Tungsten

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22
Q

The most common light source used in flow cytometers because of the properties of intensity, stability, and monochromatism

A

Helium-neon laser

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23
Q

cells in a suspension of buffered solution are labelled with one to several fluorescent compounds

A

Flow cytometry

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24
Q

Major components of a Flow cytometer

A

Fluidics, optics, Electronics

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25
flow chamber for single-cell separation, sheath fluid, and hydrodynamic focusing
Fluidics
26
excitation light source includes lasers or lamps; light is separated by dichroic mirror and filters
Optics
27
photomultiplier tube detects light energy, then converts this to voltage pulses; computers translate pulses into data files
Electronics
28
utilizes impedance technology and is a representation of cell number versus one measured property, usually cell size;
Cell histogram
29
plotted on the Y axis (Cell histogram)
number of pulses
30
plotted on the X axis (Cell histogram)
cell size
31
reference size range for WBCs (WBC histogram)
45-450 fL
32
how many peaks does a normal WBC histogram have
3
33
First peak (45-90 fL)
small mononuclear cells
34
Second peak (90-160 fL)
minor population of large mononuclear cells
35
Third peak (160-450 fL)
normal mature types of granulocytes
36
WBC categories on Coulter counter
Small cells (lymphocytes), medium cells (mononuclear cells), large cells (granulocytes)
37
Population <35 fL may indicate nRBCs, giant or clumped platelets
R1
38
Peak overlap at 90 fL may indicate reactive lymphocytes or blast cells
R2
39
Peak overlap at 160 fL may indicate an increase in bands, immature neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils
R3
40
Population >450 fL may indicate a high granulocyte count
R4
41
error code for multiple region overlap
RM
42
when a parameter value is higher than the set normal limit
H
43
when a parameter value is lower than the set normal limit
L
44
reference size range for RBCs
6-360 fL or >36 fL
45
RBC histogram will show a single peak between
70 and 110 fL
46
24-36 fL
rejected
47
Shift to the right
macrocytic
48
shift to the left
microcytic
49
Cold agglutinin disease, hemolytic anemia with schistocytes present, or anemias with different cell size; when a patient received a blood transfusion; dimorphic erythrocyte population
Bimodal, 2 peaks
50
Increased curved width
anisocytosis
51
reference size range for platelets (PLT histogram)
2-20 fL
52
lower region interference (<2fL)
electrical interference
53
upper region interference (>20 fL)
microcytic RBCs, schistocytes, giant or clumped platelets
54
also called cytogram or Scatterplot; 2D representation of a two or more cell properties or characteristics plotted against each other
Scattergram
55
are displayed on a monitor and are color coded for different subpopulations
Scatterplots for WBCs
56
methodologies included in scattergram
Radiofrequency Fluorescence Cytochemistry
57
Positive Instrumental errors
Aperture plugs Bubbles in the samples Extraneous electrical pulses
58
Most common problem in cell counting
Aperture plugs
59
caused by vigorous mixing
Bubbles in the samples
60
Negative instrumental errors
Excessive lysing of RBCS
61
May be counted as RBCs or WBCs
Giant platelets
62
May be counted as RBCs or platelets
Fraagment of WBC cytoplasm
63
will cause false-negative results for each count
agglutination of RBCs, WBCs or platelets
64
falsely low platelet counts
Platelet sattelitism
65
Corrective action for cold agglutinins
Warm specimen to 37 degree celsius and rerun
66
corrective action for Lipemia, icterus
Plasma replacement
67
Corrective action for Hemolysis
Request new specimen
68
Corrective action for Lysis-resistant RBCs
Perform manual dilutions, allow incubation time for lysis
69
Corrective action for MIcrocytes or schistocytes
Review blood film
70
Corrective action for nRBCs, megakaryocyte fragments, or micromegakaryoblasts
Newer instruments, count nRBCs and correct the WBC count; count micromegakaryoblasts/100 WBCs and correct
71
corrective action for platelet clumps
redraw specimen in sodium citrate, multiply result by 1.1
72
corrective action for WBC. 100,000/mL
Manual HCT, perform manual Hb, correct RBC count, recalculate indices; if above linearity, dilute for correct WBC count
73
Corrective action for leukemia, especially with chemotherapy
Review film, perform phase platelet count or CD61 count
74
Corrective action for old specimen
Establish stability and specimen rejection criteria
75
Lyse- resistant RBCs
sickle cells, target cells, hypochromic cells

Comprehensive Review (2 decks)

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