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STAT 101 > Module 1.1 Basic Concepts in Inferential Statistics > Flashcards

Module 1.1 Basic Concepts in Inferential Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

a branch of science consisting of theory and methods concerned with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis of the data and interpretation of the results of the analysis in order to answer the research questions at hand

A

statistics (singular)

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2
Q

collection of numerical figures

A

statistics (plural)

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3
Q

how can statistics be viewed?

bonus: differentiate your answers

A

statistics can be viewed in a singular and plural sense

bonus:

In a singular sense, statistics is a branch of science consisting of theory and methods concerned with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis of the data and interpretation of the results of the analysis in order to answer the research questions at hand

while in a plural sense, statistics is a collection of numerical figures

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4
Q

give examples of statistics in a plural sense

A
  • number of active COVID-19 cases
  • unemployment rate
  • proportion of Filipinos who are satisfied with government response to COVID-19
  • basketball statistics
  • etc.
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5
Q

What are the two important things that you should know in order to make good decisions based on the data?

A
  1. what questions you hope to answer with the data
  2. how the data will be obtained
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6
Q

definition of population

A

the entire collection of individuals or entities where information wanted is present, on which inferences are made

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7
Q

definition of sample

A

subset of the population actually examined to gather examine information

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8
Q

the entire collection of entities where information wanted is present, on which inferences are made

A

population

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9
Q

What is the difference of population and sample?

A

population is the entire collection of individuals or entities whose characteristics are to be studied, on which inferences are made

while sample is a subset of the population actually examined to gather information

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10
Q

When obtaining data, do you gather information on a population or sample?

bonus: why?

A

sample

because, often the population is very large hence it would be very costly and time-consuming to observe the population in its entirety

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11
Q

Vocabulary:

sums up the features of a data sample; information that gives a quick and simple description of the data

bonus: It includes what? (examples)

A

summary measures [synonyms: summary statistics, descriptive statistics]

bonus:
1. statistical properties - mean, median, mode, min value, max value, range, standard deviation, etc.
2. graphical representations - histograms, box plots, etc.

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12
Q

summary measures from a population

A

parameters

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13
Q

summary measures based on a sample

A

statistics

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14
Q

differentiate parameters from statistics

A

both are summary measures but

parameters - based on population

statistics - based on sample (hence the subject name)

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15
Q

Modified True or False:

summary measures from a sample is called statistics

A

true

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16
Q

why is the subject called statistics?

A

because we interpret data from a sample rather than a population and summary measures from a sample is called statistics hence the subject name

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17
Q

______ are often denoted by Greek letters

A

parameters

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18
Q

Modified True or False:

The size of a population is traditionally denoted by lower-case English alphabet letters

A

False

Possible Answers:

  1. The size of a population is traditionally denoted by uppercase English alphabet letters
  2. The size of a sample is traditionally denoted by lower-case English alphabet letters
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19
Q

“N” can be a denotation for ________ while “n” can be a denotation for ___________

A

the size of the population; the size of the sample

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20
Q

a characteristic or attribute that is measured for the unit under consideration

A

variable

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21
Q

differerence between observation and data

A

observation - realized value of a variable that is measured and recorded for each unit

data - collection of observations on one or more variables

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22
Q

realized value of a variable that is measured and recorded for each unit

bonus: What is a variable?

A

observation

bonus: a characteristic or attribute that is measured for the unit under consideration

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23
Q

definiton of data

A

collection of observations on one or more variables

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24
Q

What are the different categories of variables?

Bonus: definitions

A

qualitative and quantitative

Bonus:

  1. qualitative variable - measures a characteristic that can be classified into one of a group of categories and cannot be measured on a natural numerical scale
  2. quantitative variable - measures a characteristic that is recorded on a naturally occuring numeric scale
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25
Q

observations made on qualitative variables are sometimes referred to as ________

A

categorical data

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26
Q

True or False:

qualitative variables could be represented in a database as numbers and we can perform any arithmetic operation on these variables

A

False,

qualitative variables can be represented in a database a snumbers but performing any arithmetic operation on these variables does not convey meaning as these values do not express quantity, amount, or magnitude

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27
Q

Modified True or False:

quantitative variables measures a characteristic that is recorded on a naturally occuring numerical scale hence performing arithmetic operations on this type of variables has meaning

A

True

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28
Q

Zipcode is an example of a _______ variable

bonus: give another example

A

qualitative

bonus: age, gender, blood type, etc.

29
Q

True or False:

gender, for example, can be represented as 0 if female and 1 if male

bonus: What type of variable is gender?

A

True

qualitative variables could be represented in a database as numbers

bonus: qualitative

30
Q

categories of quantitative variabales

A

discrete and continuous

31
Q

a quantitative variable is said to be _______ if it can only take a finite or countable number of values

A

discrete

32
Q

differentiate the two categories of quantitative variables

A

discrete - can only take a finite or countable number of values

continuous - takes infinitely many values at any point on a given interval

33
Q

Modified True of False:

Height is an example of a discrete variable

bonus: what type of variable is a discrete variable?

A

False, height is an example of a continuous variable

bonus: quantitative

34
Q

Why is height a continuous quantitative variable?

A

Because a height of a student can assume any value from the minimum possible height and the maximum height, hence a height measurement of a whole number (e.g. 174cm) does not imply that it is discrete as the height is just recorded to the nearest whole number but still, height can take any value within an interval

35
Q

What are the four levels of measurement?

A

arranged in a heirarchy (lowest to highest):
1. nominal level
2. ordinal level
3. interval level
4. ratio level

36
Q

Statistics is the science of decision-making in a world full of __________

A

uncertainties

37
Q

The student council at a university with 15,000 students is interested in the percentage of students who favor a change in the grading system from the numerical grade system (1.00, 1.25, 1.5, …) to a letter grade system (A+, A, A-, …). 200 students are interviewed to determine their attitude towards this proposed change

What is the population of interest?

A

set of all 15,000 student in the college

38
Q

To examine the effect of exercise on body composition, healthy women aged 35 to 50 were classified as either active (>=9hrs of physical activity per week) or sedentary. For each group of participants, their body fat percentage was measured.

Describe the population

A

set of all healthy women aged 35 to 50

39
Q

A researcher would like to conduct a study on the most popular video games (in terms of sales in the Philippines) by investigating the relationship between video game rating (for everyone, >= 13 years old, >=17 years old) and the number of violent interactions per minute of play

Determine the population

A

set of all most popular video games (in terms of sales in the Philippines)

40
Q

Add “__________” when describing the population

A

set of all

41
Q

A consumer group conducts crash tests of new car models. To determine the severity of the damage to 2023 Geely Coolray cars resulting from 10mph crash into a concrete wall, the research group tests six cars of this type and assesses the amount of damage

What is the population?

A

set of all 2023 Geely Coolray cars

42
Q

Quantitative or Qualitative: number of correct answers on a five-item multiple choice exam

bonus: if quantitative, discrete or continuous?

A

quantitative

bonus: discrete

43
Q

Quantitative or Qualitative: amount of water poured into a 250ml glass container (in mL)

bonus: if quantitative, discrete or continuous?

A

quantitative

bonus: continuous

44
Q

It is the lowest level of measurement

A

Nominal

45
Q

definition of nominal

bonus: qualitative or quantitative?

A

gives names or labels to various categories without a sense of order

bonus: qualitative

46
Q

Modified True or False:

In a nominal level, categories are distinct, with no overlaps, and mutually exhaustive

A

True

47
Q

Modified True or False:

In an ordinal level, categories are of equal importance

A

False

Possible answers:

In a nominal level, categories are of equal importane

In an ordinal level, categories have implied ordering

48
Q

Examples of variables in a nominal level

A

name, age, sex, birth date, etc.

49
Q

Arithmetic operations are not done with variables at the _________ level and information that can be obtained from processing data on these variables is limited to frequency counts and percentages

A

nominal/ordinal

*with ordinal, also limited to frequency counts and percentages but with additonal information on ordering

50
Q

define the ordinal level

bonus: qualitative or quantitative?

A

contains the properties of the nominal level but the values of the variable have implied ordering

bonus: qualitative

51
Q

Modified True or False:
The ordinal level deals with qualitative variables with an inherent ordering. However, the difference between categories cannot be measured and has no meaning

A

True

52
Q

quantitative varibales with differences between two consecutive quantities being constant; has no absolute zero

A

interval

53
Q

what do we mean by “there is no absolute zero”?

bonus: In what level is this characteristic present?

A

the value of zero does not imply the absence of the characteristic being measured

bonus: interval

54
Q

what is a ratio?

A

contains the properties of the interval level but has an absolute/a true zero point

55
Q

Modified True or False:

The highest level of measurement is the nominal level

A

False,

Possible answers:

The highest level of measurement is the ratio level

The lowest level of measurement is the nominal level

56
Q

highest educational attainment (highschool graduate, bachelors, masters, etc.), satisfaction rating (dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, etc.), and student classification (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) can be classified at the _________ level

A

ordinal

57
Q

examples of variables in an interval level

A

temperature, IQ score

58
Q

a classroom having zero amount of students is a variable of what level?

A

ratio

59
Q

Interval and ratio levels of measurement deals with ___________ variables while nominal and ordinal levels deals with ___________ variables

A

quantitative; qualitative

60
Q

The level of measurement depends mainly on the _____________ and not on the property being measured

A

measuring process

*given weight, if we measure it by kilograms, it can be classified as a quantitative variable in the ratio level; however, if we measure weight by [light, medium, heavy] then it becomes a qualitative variable at the ordinal level

61
Q

If I measure weight by kg, what type of variable is it and at what level?

A

quantitative variable at a ratio level

62
Q

If I measure weight by [light, medium, heavy] what type of variable is it and at what level?

A

qualitative variable at an ordinal level

63
Q

The student council at a university with 15,000 students is interested in the percentage of students who favor a change in the grading system from the numerical grade system (1.00, 1.25, 1.5, …) to a letter grade system (A+, A, A-, …). 200 students are interviewed to determine their attitude towards this proposed change.

What type of variable is being measured and at what level?

A

Qualitative variable at the ordinal level

64
Q

To examine the effect of exercise on body composition, healthy women aged 35 to 50 were classified as either active (>=9hrs of physical activity per week) or sedentary. For each group of participants, their body fat percentage was measured.

What type of variable is being measured and at what level?

A

Quantitative at a ratio level

65
Q

How to remember the definition of statistics?

singular = science
plural = p____________

clue: two words

A

processed data

66
Q

True or False:

Some consider interval and ratio as the same

A

True, because there are only few examples of variables at an interval level but there is still a difference with the two, that being the presence of an absolute zero point

67
Q

Quantitative variable is also known as?

bonus: how about qualitative variable?

A

numerical variable

bonus: categorical variable

68
Q

True or False:
Only people can be a population

A

False, a population is a collection of all inividuals AND ENTITIES whose characteristics are to be studied, on which inferences are made

STAT 101 (2 decks)

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