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STAT 101 > Module 1.2 Basic Concepts in Inferential Statistics > Flashcards

Module 1.2 Basic Concepts in Inferential Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Typically, statistics has two broad objectives: to _______ and to ________

A

to describe and to infer

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2
Q

refers to the tools used to describe a mass of data in a clear, concise, and informative way through the methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data

A

descriptive statistics

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3
Q

refers to the tools used to analyze the information from the sample to make generalizations or predictions about the population

A

inferential statistics

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4
Q

aims to generate information about the population given a sample from that population

A

inferential statistics

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5
Q

Differentiate descriptive and inferential statistics

A

Descriptive Statistics - refers to the tools used to describe a mass of data in a clear, concise, and informative way through the methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data

Inferential Statistics - refers to the tools used to analyze the information from the sample to make generalizations or predictions about the population; aims to generate information about the population given a sample from that population

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6
Q

Based on the data on recorded births from January to December 2021 in the Philippines, the most common baby names for males and females are Jacob and Althea, respectively.

What example of statistics is this?

A

descriptive statistics

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7
Q

True or False
A graphical presentation of the Philippine population by age group and gender is an example of inferential statistics

A

False, it is an example of descriptive statistics

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8
Q

The 2nd quarter 2023 Social Weather Survey (SWS) found that 45% of Filipino families consider themselves as poor. The June 2023 SWS was conducted from June 28 to July 1, 2023 using face-to-face interviews of a random sample of 1,500 adults nationwide.

This is an example of a/n _______ statistics

A

inferential statistics

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9
Q

Descriptive or Inferential

Since its first participation in 1924, the Philippines has won 14 medals at the Olympic games

A

Descriptive statistics

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10
Q

A student recenty read an article which says that 70% of UPLB students are satisfied with their choice of degree course. This was the result of a surve conducted to 7500 UPLB students registered last semester

Descriptive or Inferential?

A

Inferential Statistics

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11
Q

True or False:
A research firm conducted a survey to determine the Filipinos’ level of trust in foreign countries. Of the 1,800 respondents, 51% of them have little trust in China.

This is an example of a descriptive statistics

A

True, the 51% result is only describing the sample of 1800, not an entire population

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12
Q

The sample is gained from the ________ via the process ________; after characterizing the sample, the data obtained will be used to make __________ on the population, making use of the ________ method of drawing conclusions

bonus: Where is this process present?

A

population, sampling;
inferences and/or generalizations, inductive

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13
Q

Modified True or False:
the sample must be representative of the population under study

A

True

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14
Q

The only assurance if the sample is representative of the population comes from the ____________

A

method used to select the sample

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15
Q

In _______ sampling, elements are selected for the sample using an objective chance mechanism

A

probability sampling

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16
Q

________ sampling requires that each unit in the population has a known and non-zero chance of selection

bonus: explain what the statement meant as known and non-zero chance of selection

A

probability

bonus: non-zero chance means that everyone has a chance to be selected; known means that the probability to be chosen is known

17
Q

also known as random samples

A

probability samples

18
Q

probability samples allow the __________

A

drawing of valid generalizations about the population under study

19
Q

samples are obtained haphazardly, selected purposively, or taken as volunteers

A

nonprobability sampling

20
Q

Modified True or False:
In nonprobability sampling, the probabilities of selection are unknown

A

True

21
Q

___________ samples should not be used for statistical inference

A

nonprobability samples

22
Q

Types of Samples

A

Probability and Non-probability samples

23
Q

characteristics of probability samples

bonus: another name for probability samples

A
  1. probabilities of selection are known and non-zero
  2. obtained using randomization (some objective chance mechanism)
  3. requires the use of sampling frame (complete listing of the elements of the universe)
  4. allows drawing of valid generalizations about the population
24
Q

Basic probability sampling techniques

bonus: explain each

A
  1. simple random sampling - assigns equal probabilities of selection to each possible sample
  2. stratified random sampling - the universe is divided into stratas (mutually exclusive sub-universes) and an independent simple random samples are obtained from each stratum
  3. systematic random sampling - adopts a skipping patern in the selection of sample units
  4. cluser sampling - universe is divided into clusters (mutually exclusive sub-groups) and a random cluster will be selected and their elements will be considered the sample
25
Q

Differentiate strata and clusters

A

strata
- mutually exclusive sub-universes
- used in stratified random sampling

cluster
- mutually exclusive sub-groups
- used in cluster sampling

26
Q

In a study that aims to elicit responses for sensitive questions such as reasons for engaging in premarital sex, participants in the study are usually chosen purposively. The respondents’ profiles were already identified and their backgrounds on the topic were known before the conduct of the survey.

Type of sampling?

A

Nonprobability sampling

27
Q

If you want to study a rare disease, you will go to the doctor specializing in the rare disease. After this, the doctor will recommend the patient with that rare disease. Then you will ask the patient if he knew someone having the disease. As you go along the sampling process, the number of samples increases.

Type of sampling?

bonus: more specific

A

Nonprobability sampling

bonus: snowball sampling

28
Q

When do you use simple random sampling?

A
  1. If the elements are homogenous with respect to the characteristic under study
  2. If the elements are not so spread out geographically
29
Q

When to use stratified random sampling?

A
  1. If the population is heterogeneous in terms of the characteristic under study
  2. If a separate analysis will be performed for certain groups
30
Q

When to use systematic sampling?

A
  1. If the population is heterogeneous in terms of the characteristic under study
  2. If a separate analysis will be performed for certain groups
31
Q

When to use cluster sampling?

A
  1. If there is no available list of units in the population
  2. If cost is of great consideration
32
Q

concerned with finding a value or range of values for an unknown parameter of interest

A

estimation

33
Q

deals with verifying a claim or a conjecture about a parameter or distribution of the population under consideration

A

test of hypothesis

34
Q

define estimation and test of hypothesis

A

Estimation - concerned with finding a value or range of values for an unknown parameter of interest

Test of Hypothesis - deals with verifying a claim or a conjecture about a parameter or distribution of the population under consideration

35
Q

In statistical inference, statistic is used to estimate the __________ of interest

A

parameter

Notes:
*parameter - summary measure of population

*inferential statistics - generates information about the population given a sample

*estimation - concerned with finding a value or range of values for an unknown parameter of interest

36
Q

formula for computing the statistic using sample data

A

estimator

37
Q

realization of the estimator

bonus: meaning of [realization]

A

estimate

bonus: numerical value

38
Q

differentiate estimation, estimator, and estimate

A

estimation - concerned with finding a value or range of values for an unknown parameter of interest

estimator - formula for computing the statistic using sample data

estimate - realization (numerical value) of the estimator

STAT 101 (2 decks)

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