Module 11 Gastrointestinal Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
Peritonitis
A
- Inflammation of peritoneal cavity
2
Q
Peritoneal Cavity
A
- Forms lining of abdominal cavity
- Can be impacted by GI tract disease
3
Q
Ascites
A
- Peritoneal cavity fills with fluid
4
Q
Digestion
A
- Breaking down food components
- Enzymes/acids
- Mainly in stomach & duodenum
5
Q
Absorption
A
- Taking up nutrients & water
- Nutrients occurs in small bowel
- Water/electrolyte occurs in large bowel
6
Q
Excretion
A
- Expelling waste from digestion process
7
Q
Common Signs/Symptoms
A
- Depend on cause
- Dependant on severity
- Pain
- Nausea/vomit
- Loss of appetite
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Distension
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Bleeding
8
Q
GI Bleeding
A
- Can be acute or a cancer sign
- Characterization based on symptoms
9
Q
Hematemesis
A
- Vomit as result of internal bleeding
- Effects stomach acid on hemoglobin
- Coffee ground like emesis (dark)
10
Q
Hematochezia
A
- Fresh blood (red) in stool
- Commonly lower GI bleed
11
Q
Melena
A
- Dark black stool
- Digestion of blood
- Commonly upper GI bleed
12
Q
Occult GI Bleed
A
- Not visible
- Identified on stool screening test/bloodwork
13
Q
Appendicitis
A
- Inflammation of appendix
- Associated with fecalith (hard stool)
- Ischemia
- Ulceration
- Secondary infection
14
Q
Appendicitis Risk Factors
A
- Extremes of age
- Family history
- Males more common
15
Q
Appendicitis Signs/Symptoms
A
- Abdominal pain (RLQ)
- Rebound tenderness
- Nausea/vomit
- Fever
16
Q
Appendicitis Complications
A
- Appendiceal rupture (perforation)
- Peri-appendiceal abscess
- Peritonitis
17
Q
Appendicitis Treatment
A
- Surgical removal
18
Q
Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)
A
- Gram neg bacteria
- Colonizes in stomach
- Increasing prevalence in developing countries
19
Q
H.Pylori Signs/Symptoms
A
- Often asymptomatic
- Abdominal pain (mid/upper)
- Nausea
- Bloating
20
Q
H.Pylori Complications
A
- Peptic/duodenal ulcers
- Bleeding & perforation
- Chronic inflammation
- Increase risk of lymphoma & cancer
21
Q
H.Pylori Diagnosis
A
- Endoscopy
- Biopsies
- Blood work
- Urea breath test
22
Q
H.Pylori Treatment
A
- Triple therapy (antibiotics & protein pump inhibitors)
23
Q
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
A
- Unknown etiology
- Inflammation of bowel
- Onset 15-35 years
24
Q
IBD Symptoms
A
- Diarrhea (blood)
- Urgency
- Abdominal pain
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Extraintestinal problems
25
Crohn's Disease
- Ileum & colon (patchy involvement)
- Uncommon hematochezia
- Transmural inflammation
26
Crohn's Disease Complications
- Abscesses
- Strictures
- Fistulas
- Perianal disease
27
Ulcerative Colitis
- Rectum (continuous involvement)
- Limited to colorectum
- Common hematochezia
- Increase colon cancer risk
- Superficial inflammation
28
Treatment Crohn's/Ulcerative
- Anti-inflammatory meds
- Symptom relief for stool
- Nutritional support
- Surveillance endoscopy
29
Crohn's Surgery
- Removal of damaged sections
- Management of abscesses/fistulas
30
Ulcerative Colitis Surgery
- Remove colon/rectum
31
Diverticulum
- Outpouching of bowel wall
32
Diverticulum Disease
- Presence of diverticula
- Most common sigmoid colon in north america
33
Diverticulum Causes
- Increased luminal pressure (low fiber, high fat)
- Weak points in gut wall
34
Diverticulitis
- Inflammation of diverticula
35
Diverticulitis Symptoms
- Fever
- Worsening of abdominal pain (LLQ)
36
Diverticulitis Complications
- Abscess formation
- Perforations
- Strictures
- Fistulas
37
Diverticulitis Treatment
- Antibiotics
- Surgery
38
Bowel Obstruction
- Blockage prevents passage of foods/liquids
39
Bowel Obstruction Signs/Symptoms
- Abdominal distension
- Vomiting
- Constipation
40
GI Herniation
- Pouch like protrusion of peritoneum
41
GI Adhesions
- Fibrosis/scar tissue
- Between loops of bowel
42
Volvulus
- Twisting of bowel on itself
- Mesentery
43
Intussusception
- Telescoping of bowel into adjacent segment
44
Colorectal Cancer
- Third most diagnosed cancer in Canada
- Adenocarcinoma most common type
45
Colorectal Cancer Staging
- Stage 1/2 confined to bowel
- Stage 3 metastasis to local lymph nodes
- Stage 4 metastasis to distant organs/sites
46
Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis
- Mutations in bowel mucosa can cause pre-cancerous lesions
- Polyps (not all result in cancer mutation)
- Local invasion/metastasis
47
Colorectal Cancer Symptoms
- Rectal/stool bleed
- Change in bowel habits
- Abdominal discomfort
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
48
Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors
- Family history
- Age
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Diet
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Exercise
49
Colorectal Cancer Screening
- Primary preventions/early detection reduces mortality
- Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
- Stool test (blood)
- Endoscopy (directly examine bowel)
50
Esophageal Cancer
- Presents at advanced stage
- Less common than colorectal
- Adenocarcinoma most common in Canada
- Distal third of esophagus
51
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Pathogenesis
- Background of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Mucosa undergoes intestinal metaplasia
- Greater risk of dysplasia & malignancy
52
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Symptoms
- Pain/difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Weight loss
- Chest pain
- Vomiting
53
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Risk Factors
- GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
- Tobacco use
- Obesity
- Radiation
