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2420 Pathology > Module 8 Respiratory > Flashcards

Module 8 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A
  • Air movement from upper to lower resp
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2
Q

Ventilation Steps

A
  1. Deep breath
  2. Engage diaphragm & intercostal muscles
  3. Air into trachea
  4. Bronchi main, primary, secondary)
  5. Bronchioles (terminal, respiratory)
  6. Alveolar ducts
  7. Alveolar sac
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2
Q

Perfusion

A
  • Movement of CO2 blood
  • From the right side of heart
  • Into lung to gas exchange site
  • O2 blood back to left side of heart
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3
Q

Gas Exchange

A
  • Ventilation & perfusion meeting point
    Occurs at alveolar-capillary membrane
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4
Q

Alveolar-Capillary Membrane Composition

A
  • Pneumocytes (epithelial cell of lung)
  • Endothelial cells
  • Interstitial tissue
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5
Q

Respiratory Failure

A
  • Failure of ventilation/perfusion
  • Mismatch of ventilation/perfusion
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6
Q

Influencing Factors of Pneumonia

A
  • Dose & virulence of organism
  • Host susceptibility
  • Impaired local defense mechanisms
  • Muco-ciliary apparatus injury
  • Alveolar macrophage interference
  • Fluid/secretion accumulation in alveoli
  • Immunocompromised
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7
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Inflammation of lung
  • Via secondary infection
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8
Q

Pneumonia Diagnosis

A
  • Chest x-ray
  • Bloodwork (increased WBC count)
  • Blood & sputum culture
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9
Q

Pneumonia Presentation

A
  • Cough
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Malaise
  • Pain on inspiration
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10
Q

Pneumonia Classification

A
  • Morphological (lobar vs broncho)
  • Clinical setting (hospital, immunocompromised)
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11
Q

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

A
  • Bacterial (streptococcus, haemophilus)
  • Atypical syndrome (influenza, chlamydia)
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12
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A
  • Altered level of consciousness
  • Impaired laryngeal/esophageal/gastric function
  • Periodontal disease
  • Stomach acid, particulate matter, anerobic bacteria aspirated
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12
Q

Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial Pneumonia)

A
  • Severe underlying disease
  • Immunosuppressed
  • Prolonged antibiotic therapy
  • Invasive access devices
  • Ventilated
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13
Q

Immunocompromised Host Pneumonia

A
  • Defense mechanisms suppressed
  • Immunosuppressive therapy
  • Opportunistic infectious agent
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14
Q

Pneumonia Complications

A
  • Abscess
  • Empyema
  • Septicemia (blood infection)
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14
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • High morbidity & mortality
  • Primarily within developing countries
  • Mycobacterium causative organism
  • Acid-fast bacillus
15
Q

Populations Affected by TB

A
  • Poverty
  • Crowded living conditions
  • Chronic debilitating diseases
  • Immunocompromised
15
Q

TB Infectious Patients

A
  • Bacilli on lower resp tract sampling
  • Increased multi-drug resistance
16
Q

TB Transmission

A
  • Dependent on viable bacilli
  • Aerosolization of small droplets
  • Host susceptibility
16
Q

TB Skin Test

A
  • Detect cellular immunity to intracutaneous agent
  • Intradermal injection of protein derivative of tuberculin
17
Q

Positive TB Test Results

A
  • 10mm+
  • Induration 48, 72, 96 hrs
  • Prior or current infection
  • Prior immunization
18
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • Productive cough most of week
  • 3 months of year
  • 2+ successive years
19
Q

Chronic Bronchitis Etiology

A
  • Smoking
  • Airway irritation
  • Protective changes
  • Hypersecretion of mucus
  • Hyperplasia of submucosal glands
  • Squamous metaplasia
  • Airway obstruction
  • Decreased ventilation
20
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Damage of acinus (distal lung)
  • Destruction of alveolar wall
  • Enlargement of airspaces
  • Occurs with COPD
20
Q

Emphysema Etiology

A
  • Smoking
  • Protases & elastases released
  • Damage of elastic tissue
  • Dilated distal acini
  • Impaired elastic recoil
  • Airflow obstruction
  • Decreased ventilation
21
Q

COPD Clinical Features

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chronic productive cough
  • Wheezing
  • Chest tightness
  • Frequent cold/flu
  • Low energy
  • Weight loss
  • Cyanotic
22
Q

COPD Spirometry

A
  • Decreased forced expiratory volume (FEV)
  • Decreased FEV to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio
23
Q

COPD Complications

A
  • Recurrent respiratory infections
  • Acute respiratory failure
  • Barotrauma/pneumothorax
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Heart disease
  • Lung cancer
  • Malnutrition/cachexia
24
Q

Lung Cancer Risk Factors

A
  • Smoking (duration & amount)
  • Industrial hazards
  • Air pollution
  • Radiation
  • Genetic
  • Old pulmonary scars
25
Q

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
25
Q

Small Cell Lung Cancer

A
  • Centrally located
  • Hilar/mediastinal tumours
  • Rapid growth
  • Metastases to extrapulmonary sites
  • Paraneoplastic syndrome
26
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Centrally located
  • Grow within lumen
  • Airway obstruction
  • May cavitate (necrosis)
  • Common in male smokers
27
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A
  • Peripherally located
  • Common in female non-smokers
  • Targeted molecular therapies available
27
Q

Lung Cancer Presentation

A
  • Local symptoms
  • Spread to adjacent thoracic structures
  • Distant metastasis
27
Q

Lung Cancer Diagnosis

A
  • Chest x-ray & CT
  • Sputum cytology
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Endoscopic ultrasound guided therapy
  • Transthoracic
  • Pleural fluid cytology
27
Q

Non-Small Cell Treatment

A
  • Surgery (early stage)
  • Chemo/radiation (advanced stage)
  • Targeted molecular therapy (advanced stage)
  • Immune therapy (advanced stage)
28
Q

Small Cell Treatment

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
29
Q

Prognosis Determination

A
  • Stage (higher = poorer)
  • Subtype
30
Q

Lung Cancer Subtypes

A
  • Small cell carcinoma (poorer)
  • Location
  • Performance status of patient
  • Age & sex
  • Genetic changes

2420 Pathology (13 decks)

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