Module 11 - Quantitative Research 2 (Understanding, Measuring and Predicting)

Question 1

What is Direct Measurement?

Answer 1

Observing and recording the actual behaviour of interest.

Question 2

What is Indirect Measurement?

Answer 2

Using proxies or reports to infer behaviour; considered less valid.

Question 3

Define Topography in the context of behaviour.

Answer 3

The physical form or appearance of a behaviour.

Question 4

What does Intensity refer to in measuring behaviour?

Answer 4

The energy or force behind a behaviour.

Question 5

What does Duration measure?

Answer 5

The length of time a behaviour occurs.

Question 6

How is Frequency defined?

Answer 6

The count of how often a behaviour occurs.

Question 7

What is Rate in behavioural measurement?

Answer 7

Frequency per unit of time (e.g., per minute).

Question 8

Define Latency in behavioural terms.

Answer 8

Time from a stimulus to the initiation of a behaviour.

Question 9

What is Inter-response Time (IRT)?

Answer 9

Time between two instances of the same behaviour.

Question 10

What is Permanent Product in measurement methods?

Answer 10

Measuring outcomes (e.g., written answers) after behaviour occurs.

Question 11

Define Automated Recording.

Answer 11

Using devices to measure behaviour without direct observation.

Question 12

What is Continuous Recording?

Answer 12

Capturing all occurrences of a behaviour in real time.

Question 13

What does Discontinuous Recording involve?

Answer 13

Sampling behaviour in intervals (e.g., partial, whole, or momentary).

Question 14

What is Partial Interval Recording?

Answer 14

Record if behaviour occurs at any point in the interval.

Question 15

What is Whole Interval Recording?

Answer 15

Record only if behaviour occurs for the full interval.

Question 16

Define Momentary Time Sampling (MTS).

Answer 16

Record if behaviour is occurring at a precise moment.

Question 17

What is Inter-observer Agreement (IOA)?

Answer 17

The extent to which two observers agree in their measurements.

Question 18

What is Total Agreement?

Answer 18

Used for continuous data; calculated by comparing totals.

Question 19

Define Overall Agreement.

Answer 19

Used for discontinuous data; based on proportion of interval matches.

Question 20

What is a Small N Design?

Answer 20

Single-case experimental design focused on individual behaviour change.

Question 21

What are the three components of Baseline Logic?

Answer 21

• Prediction
• Verification
• Replication

Question 22

What does Prediction in Baseline Logic entail?

Answer 22

Expecting future behaviour to follow the baseline trend.

Question 23

What is Verification in the context of Baseline Logic?

Answer 23

Removing the intervention to see if behaviour returns to baseline.

Question 24

Define Replication in Baseline Logic.

Answer 24

Repeating the intervention to confirm the effect.

Question 25

What does Affirming the Consequent refer to?

Answer 25

Observing expected change when IV is introduced.

Question 26

What is a Reversal (ABAB) Design?

Answer 26

Alternating baseline and intervention to test effect.

Question 27

What is an Alternating Treatments Design?

Answer 27

Quickly compare multiple interventions across sessions.

Question 28

Define Multiple Baseline Design.

Answer 28

Stagger intervention across behaviours, settings, or individuals.

Question 29

What is a Changing Criterion Design?

Answer 29

Gradually adjust performance standards to shape behaviour.

Question 30

What is the Matching Law?

Answer 30

Behaviour aligns with the proportion of reinforcers received.

Question 31

What does the Generalised Matching Law (GML) adjust for?

Answer 31

Bias and sensitivity to reinforcement.

Question 32

What does Herrnstein’s Hyperbola predict?

Answer 32

Absolute response rate based on reinforcer rate.

Question 33

Define Stimulus Equivalence (Sidman).

Answer 33

Mathematical principles (reflexivity, symmetry, transitivity) applied to learning.

Question 34

What are Direct vs. Competitive Suppression Models?

Answer 34

Theories on how punishment affects choice.

Question 35

What is Misattribution of Reinforcers?

Answer 35

Errors in linking reinforcers to behaviours affect observed patterns.

Question 36

What does the Scalar Property of Timing suggest?

Answer 36

Perceived time follows Weber’s Law—error grows with longer intervals.