Module 1.2

Question 1

study of earth

Answer 1

geology

Question 2

is about understanding the evolution of life on Earth; about
discovering resources such as metals and energy; about recognizing and
minimizing the environmental implications of our use of those resources; and about
learning how to mitigate the hazards related to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
and slope failures

Answer 2

geology

Question 3

three layers of earth

Answer 3

core mantle crust

Question 4

most important layer in petroleum geology

Answer 4

crust

Question 5

lies under
the oceans and is thin about 5-7 miles (8-11 km) and is made up primarily of heavy
rock that is formed when molten rock (magma) cools.

Answer 5

oceanic crust

Question 6

oceanic crust size in miles and km

Answer 6

5-7 miles
8-11 km

Question 7

is thick about 10-30 miles (16-48 km) and is composed of rock that is relatively ight as
compared to oceanic crust

Answer 7

continental crust

Question 9

continental crust size

Answer 9

10-30 miles
16-48 km

Question 10

The crust is continuously changing and moving because of two major forces
of nature namely

Answer 10

Orogeny
Weathering abd Erosion

Question 11

process in which the layers of the crust are folded and pushed upward by such
processes as plate tectonics and volcanism

Answer 11

Orogeny or Mountain Building

Question 12

are the
opposing forces in which the sediments are broken down and transported

Answer 12

Weathering and erosion

Question 13

Types of weathering

Answer 13

Physical
Chemical

Question 14

occurs when solid rock is fragmented by physical
processes that do not change the rock’s chemical composition
These processes include wind (aeolian forces), water (freezing
flowing. wave action etc), heat and even glacial movement.

Answer 14

Physical weathering

Question 15

refers to the slow wearing away or
smoothing of rock surfaces by exposure to the elements.

Answer 15

Physical weathering

Question 16

occurs when minerals in a rock are chemically altered or
dissolved. All rocks are made up of minerals, crystalline structures
made up of the basic elements.

Answer 16

Chemical weatherint

Question 17

This chemical change will cause the minerals in the rock to be
structurally _______, and more vulnerable to physical weathering

Answer 17

Weaker

Question 18

Weathering and erosion are closely interrelated geological processes. As a rock
weathers, it becomes susceptible to erosion.

Answer 18

tru lang

Question 19

is the removal of weathered
debris.

Answer 19

Erosion

Question 20

3 basic rock types

Answer 20

Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary

Question 21

-a rock that results from cooling of magma or molten rock,

Answer 21

Igneous

Question 22

Most abundant rock

Answer 22

Igneous

Question 23

Common samples of igneous rocks

Answer 23

granite, basalt, and gabbro.

Question 24

-molten or liquld rock beneath the earths
surface.

Answer 24

Magma

Question 25

- magma extruded onto the earths surface via volcanic vent

Answer 25

Lava

Question 26

Igneous rock types

Answer 26

Extrusive or volcanic Intrusive or plutonic

Question 27

rocks which solidify from lava (or were extruded onto earth's surface)

Answer 27

Extrusive Igneous Rock or Volcanic Igneous Rock-

Question 28

rocks which solidify from magma beneath the earths surface

Answer 28

Intrusive Igneous Rocks or Plutonic Igneous Rock-

Question 29

are formed from pre-existing rocks by mineralogical chemical and/or structural changes in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, and chomical environment.

Answer 29

Metamorphic rocks

Question 30

is determined by the intensity of the heat and pressure to which the original rock has been subjected.

Answer 30

The degree of alteration (metamorphic rank)

Question 31

_________ changes take place in the solid state and the process does not involve melting

Answer 31

Metamorphic

Question 32

two types of metamorphic

Answer 32

Foliated and non foliated

Question 33

Examples of foliated

Answer 33

slate phyllite schist gneiss

Question 34

example of non-foliated

Answer 34

Quartzite Marble

Question 35

is a finely crystalline foliated rock composed of microscopic mica flakes, excellent rock cleavage into thin flat slab.

Answer 35

Slate

Question 36

foliated rock, which resulted from low-grade metamorphism of shale

Answer 36

slate

Question 37

foliated metamorphic rock similar n appearance to slate, slightly higher_ grade of metamorphism, mineral crystals are slightly coarser but still generally fine, characteristically has a glossy/satiny appearance in comparison to slate.

Answer 37

phyllite

Question 38

foliated metamorphic rock with >50% platy minerals commonly muscovite and biotite.

Answer 38

schist

Question 39

foliated rock which result from moderate to high grade metamorphism of shale, thus producing mica upon alteration of clays, bands of other silicates may also present.

Answer 39

schist

Question 40

foliated metamorphic rock with color banding, granular in appearance. They exhibit a granitic mineral composition containing quartz, potassium feldspar and sodium feldspar

Answer 40

Gneiss

Question 41

non foliated metamorphic roc resulting from metamorphosis of sandstone, quartz grains fuse under moderate to high grade metamorphism.

Answer 41

quartzite

Question 42

is a coarse, crystalline rock whose parent rock was limestone or dolomite, when pure is white and composed of calcite, relatively soft used for carving.

Answer 42

Marble

Question 43

are formed as sediments, either from eroded fragments of older rocks or chemical precipitates.

Answer 43

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 44

Sediments lithify by both

Answer 44

Cementation and Compaction

Question 45

the grains are squeezed together into a denser mass than the original

Answer 45

Compaction

Question 46

as minerals precipitate around the grains after deposition and bind the particles together.

Answer 46

Cementation

Question 47

_______ rocks are the most important and interesting type of rock to the petroleum industry because most oil and gas accumulations occur in them; "igneous and metamorphic rocks rarely contain oil and gas.

Answer 47

sedimentary

Question 48

T or F All petroleum source rocks are sedimentary

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are related by the ___________ the circular process by which each is formed from the others.

Answer 49

rock cycle