module 12 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Why is self-understanding important in cross-cultural counseling?
Because it helps counselors recognize how their own perceptions, assumptions, and values may influence the counseling relationship. Authenticity and non-judgment are essential.
What is the HVIC scale used for?
It measures Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism (Triandis & Gelfand, 1998).
Define culture according to Matsumoto & Juang (2008).
A unique set of meanings shared by a group and transmitted across generations, enabling the group to meet needs and pursue well-being.
Which personal identity aspects should be considered when reflecting on culture?
Race/Ethnicity, Immigration Status, SES, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Disability Status, and Religion.
Why is culture considered a neglected area in career theory?
Career theories often assume universality and fail to address the unique experiences of ethnic and cultural minorities (Brown, 2002).
What does the ACA Code of Ethics (2005) state about multiculturalism?
A: Counselor educators must integrate multicultural and diversity content in training.
What are some culturally encapsulated assumptions in traditional career theory?
A: Individualism, work centrality, goal of affluence, belief in equitable opportunities, and personal agency.
Name Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions.
- Individualism vs Collectivism
- Power Distance
- Masculinity vs Femininity
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Time Orientation
How does individualism affect career choices?
Career choices are based on personal interests, self-satisfaction is prioritized, and parental expectations are secondary.
How does collectivism influence career development?
Emphasis on satisfying family/collective expectations, parental influence is direct and strong.
What are the characteristics of a small power distance culture?
Career choices are individual decisions; disagreement with parents is accepted; children gain independence early.
Describe the characteristics of a large power distance culture.
Parental authority is central in career decisions; lifelong obedience and family care are expected.
What is the Cultural Formulation Approach (Leong, 2010)?
A method of career case conceptualisation that considers five cultural dimensions to guide assessment and counselling.
What are the five dimensions in Leong’s Cultural Formulation Approach?
- Cultural Identity
- Cultural Conception of Career Problems
- Cultural Context and Psychosocial Environment
- Cultural Dynamics in the Counselling Relationship
- Overall Cultural Assessment
What does “Cultural Identity” focus on in career counselling?
Identifying the client’s salient cultural dimensions and level of identification with the dominant culture.
How can cultural norms affect the perception of career issues?
Some behaviours (e.g., indecisiveness) may be culturally normative, not problematic.
What is vertical individualism?
A belief in individual achievement within a social hierarchy—striving to be at the top.
What is horizontal individualism?
A focus on personal autonomy and equality, individualism without status competition.
What is vertical collectivism?
A collectivist orientation that accepts and values social hierarchies (e.g., India).
What is horizontal collectivism?
A collectivist culture where group harmony is emphasised and everyone is considered equal (e.g., Denmark).
What cultural conflicts might second-generation immigrants experience?
Tensions between individualist values of the dominant culture and collectivist values at home.
