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SWE CSW > Module 12: Chapters 18 (after Australia)-20 - Oceania, Africa, and Asia > Flashcards

Module 12: Chapters 18 (after Australia)-20 - Oceania, Africa, and Asia Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes it impossible to grow wine in much of Africa?

A

Tropical climates, desert heat and aridity. There are some places in North Africa (mostly with a history of French occupation) that produce wine, but in general African wine production consists of the nation of South Africa.

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2
Q

Angola is a former Portuguese colony. What is surprising about it?

A

It is Portugal’s number one destination for wine exports.

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3
Q

When did South Africa become a producer of wine?

A

In the 17th century, when sailing ships had to sail around Africa, and had to stop at Cape Town to replenish supplies.

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4
Q

When were the first vines from Europe planted in South Africa?

A

1655, with the first wine made in 1659.

By 1709 there were 70,000 vineyard acres in Cape Town alone.

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5
Q

Concurrent with the development of Cape Town, Simon van der Stel, the governor, planted 100,000 vines just outside the colony. What was this area called?

A

Constantia. It became famous for dessert wines, and remains a notable production area to this day.

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6
Q

In the 1730’s a group of 150 French Huguenots fled religious persecution and settled in South Africa. Where?

A

In the Drakenstein Valley, in an area that became known as Franschhoek (French Corner).
By the mid 1700’s, wines from here, Constantia and Cape Town were being exported to Europe to great acclaim.

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7
Q

What struck in the 1800’s?

A

Phylloxera and oidium hit in the late 1800’s, severely crippling the wine industry in South Africa, particularly the export market.

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8
Q

What sustained the wine industry in South Africa in the early 20th century?

A

The KWV (Kooperative Wijnbouwaers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt). It produced wine, made brandy, and stabilized grape prices, but also created a quota system that, for a time, emphasized quantity over quality.

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9
Q

With the end of apartheid in the early 1990s, where was the South African wine industry?

A

Possessed of a solid foundation in winemaking, but behind the times in technology.

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10
Q

How has South Africa moved to modernize?

A

They scrapped the KWV quota system, replanted vineyards, upgraded technology, and created a unique style blending the elegance of Old World wines with the accessibility and fruit-driven character of the New World.

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11
Q

Describe the climate of South Africa.

A

The interior has a a semi-arid continental climate, while the eastern coast is subtropical.
It is a long the southwest, around Cape Town, that the Mediterranean climate for winegrowing exists.

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12
Q

Where are the prime winegrowing regions, and why?

A

The areas directly influenced by the winds blowing off the chilly South Atlantic and the warmer Southern Ocean.

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13
Q

What is the current from Antarctica that reaches South Africa?

A

The Benguela Current. It brings moist fogs and cooling breezes.

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14
Q

What is the Cape Doctor?

A

A southern wind that dries the vines.

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15
Q

Describe the soils of South Africa.

A

Some of the oldest on earth, traceable to the first supercontinent a billion years ago. The soils include sandstone, granite, shale, and clay.

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16
Q

What is the leading grape of South Africa?

A

The country is evenly divided between reds and whites, but the single leading variety is Chenin Blanc, called Steen locally. It is widely planted and accounts for 18% of all grape production.
It is made in both oaked and unoaked table wines, sweet wines, and a variety of sparkling wines.

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17
Q

What two grapes make botrytis-affected wine in South Africa?

A

Chenin Blanc and Muscat de Frontignan. They make late-harvest, and botrytis-affected late-harvest (Noble Late Harvest)

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18
Q

What are the other leading white grapes of South Africa?

A

Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. Colombard is also widely grown, but usually made into bulk wine or brandy.
Two widely planted grapes from the KWV years, Hanepoot (Muscat of Alexandria) and Crouchen Blanc (formerly Cape Riesling), are in decline.

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19
Q

What are the leading red grapes of South Africa?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon is the leader, followed by Syrah.
Also popular is Pinotage, and indigenous cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsault developed a century ago at Stellenbosch University.
Others include Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, Cinsault, and Ruby Cabernet

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20
Q

What is a Cape Blend?

A

A uniquely South African blend of (unofficially) between 30% and 70% Pinotage, and the remainder traditional Bordeaux varieties.

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21
Q

What is the appellation system called in South Africa?

A

The Wine of Origin (WO) Scheme. Introduced in 1973, along New World lines, defines geographical areas as place of origin without specific requirements or major restrictions on what can be made there.

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22
Q

From largest to smallest, what are the categories of areas under the WO?

A

Geographical Units
Regions
Districts
Wards (Defined by soil, climate, and geological factors)

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23
Q

What organization administers the WO?

A

The South African Wine and Spirit Board. It certifies all wines that list a specific place of origin, grape variety, or vintage date on the label.
Certification requires that 100% of the wine come from the geographical area, estate, or vineyard listed on the label, or multiple areas adding up to 100%. If vintage or grape variety is stated, 85% of the wine must be from year or variety. The board must sample and approve.
Certified wines receive a white paper seal across the top of the capsule.

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24
Q

What is South Africa’s primary geographical unit?

A

The Western Cape, home to the majority of the country’s regions, districts, wards, and vineyards.

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25
How much vineyard land lies outside the Western Cape?
5%, mostly well inland in the valley of Orange River in the Northern Cape geographical unit.
26
Where is the Coastal Region within the Western Cape?
Along the western coast of the Cape, extending inland and encircling the original colony and current city of Cape Town.
27
How many districts is the coastal region divided into?
9. Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Paarl, Tulbaugh, Darling, Franschhoek Valley, Wellington, Swartland, and Lutzville Valley.
28
Describe the Stellenbosch District.
Just east and slightly south of the city of Cape Town. One of the oldest and most respected winegrowing regions of South Africa. Cab Sauv is the leading red, while Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, and Sauvignon Blanc are prevalent whites.
29
Where is the Paarl District and what does it do?
North of Stellenbosch, and a bit warmer, though still reasonably close to the ocean. Produces a full range of wines and is home to some of the more familiar South African brands.
30
What is made in the Franschhoek Valley?
Showing its early French influence, the primary grapes are Chardonnay, Semillon, Syrah, and the red Bordeaux varieties.
31
Where is the Constantia Ward, and what does it make?
Located on the peninsula south of Cape Town, it has a cool maritime climate and decomposed granite soils and has been home to the first vines of South Africa since the 1600s. The area is being revived as a site for dry white and red table wines, but was once famous for Vin de Constance, a luscious Muscat-based dessert wine that faded out of existence after phylloxera. It is currently being revived by several wineries including Klein Constantia and Groot Constantia.
32
Describe the Swartland District.
A very rugged area an hours drive north of Cape Town. It has a Mediterranean climate of dry summers days and cooler nights, with soils that permit deep roots (allowing for dry farming and untrellised bush vines). Primarily planted to Chenin Blanc and Rhone varieties, this area is gaining critical acclaim as growers and winemakers reestablish vineyards in the district.
33
What comprises the Cape South Coast Region?
6 districts - Cape Agulhas, Elgin, Overberg, Plettenberg Bay, Swellendam, and Walker Bay (as well as some standalone wards) - extending some 250 miles along the south and southwestern coasts of South Africa.
34
Describe the Elgin District.
An up and coming in the hills southeast of Stellenbosch, where the altitude provides for cooler temps and slower ripening of grapes. Pinot Noir and Chenin Blanc.
35
Where is Walker Bay, and what does it produce?
In the southernmost part of the country, close to the shore and subject to the winds off the Southern Ocean. It is one of the most maritime-influenced areas of South Africa, and therefore one of the coolest winegrowing regions, ideal for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Proximate to the sea at Cape Agulhas and Hermanus.
36
Where is the Breede River Valley Region? What is known for?
About 100 miles east of Cape Town, in the warmer interior, irrigated by the waters of the Breede River. Initially best known for its fortified and dessert wines, but more recently for its Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc.
37
What does the Robertson District produce?
Also known as the Valley of Vines and Roses, its began as a red wine project in the 1990s that has brought the region's Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon to prominence.
38
What is made in the Worcester District?
Approximately 25% of the nation's wine, and a good portion of its table grapes, along with a high-quality brandy.
39
What are the primary challenges to winegrowing along the North African coast?
Lack of water on the northern fringes of the Sahara and the absence of maritime cooling, as the Mediterranean Sea does not get as cool as most ocean waters.
40
What are the most active wine producers in North Africa?
Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. All areas under French control in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
41
Algeria has been independent since 1962. What does it produce?
Once a major source of blending wine and basic table wine, though that industry is now in decline.
42
What do the winegrowing regions of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia have in common?
They are largely confined to the Mediterranean coast and the northern slopes of the forbidding Atlas Mountains where the climate is coolest. All have appellation systems modeled on the French system, and the top varieties include Carignan, Grenache, Cinsaut, and Muscat.
43
What obstacles are in Asia that prevent grape growing?
Portions of Asia are given over to geological and climatic obstacles - extreme mountains, deserts, and monsoons.
44
How many acres does China have under vine?
1.97m, recently becoming one of the world leaders in grape and wine production, number two behind Spain in vineyard acreage.
45
Grapes are the largest fruit crop in China. How much is made into wine?
Only 15%
46
Domestic wine production is on the rise in China. When did this start?
After the economic reforms of the 1980s. The country now has more than 500 wineries, and 80% of the wine consumed in China is produced domestically.
47
What is the dominant wine style in China?
Dry reds, which make up more than 80% of the total volume.
48
What is unique about the settlement of Jiahu, in the central portion of China, south of the Yellow River Valley?
It is the site of what may be the world's first fermented beverage made from grapes. Discovered in "clay jars with high necks, flaring rims and handles" it dates back to the Neolithic, between 7000 and 6600 BCE. The jars contained a fermented beverage of rice, honey, hawthorn fruit, and wild grapes.
49
A second archaeological find in Jiahu confirmed what?
A bronze vessel containing liquid found at a burial ground confirmed that grape-related winemaking has been present in China for thousands of years. This vessel dates back more than 3000 years.
50
When did the modern era of wine production begin in China?
1892, with the founding of the first winemaking facility, the Changyu Winemaking Company, by Zhang Bishi who imported the first 100 European grape varieties.
51
What is the current name for the Changyu Winemaking Company?
The Changyu Pioneer Winne Company, Inc. It is one of the largest wine-producing companies in the world, though essentially unknown outside of China.
52
What changed in 1949?
The People's Republic of China was founded, and the Communist government got highly involved in the wine industry, expanding it greatly. It became common to blend grape-based wine with ferments from other fruits and grains.
53
When did regulations begin to mandate wines from grapes or grape juice only in China?
2004.
54
Other than the economic reforms of the 1980s, what else has contributed to the exponential growth of the Chinese wine industry ?
An influx of foreign investment from both New and Old World wine and spirit producing powerhouses like Pernod Ricard, Torres, LVMH, Remy Cointreau, and Domaines Barons de Rothschild.
55
What takes up a large portion of the land in China?
While China is the 4th largest country in the world by area, much of that is desert, particularly the Gobi in he north and the Takla Makan in the northwest.
56
What are the great mountain ranges of China?
The Kunlun Shan mountain range in the west of the country, and the Plateau of Tibet which covers 1/4 of China at an average elevation of 15,000 feet in the southwest along the Himalayas.
57
Broadly speaking, what is the climate of China?
A continental monsoon climate differentiated by region and characterized by dry, cold winters and rainy, hot summers.
58
Where is most of the grape growing and wine production focused in China? Why?
In the northern portion of the country, as it lies above the 30th latitude and is ideal for growing. The southern reaches from Hangzhou down to Macau lie south of the 30th and do not grow grapes, with the exception of Yunnan region on the border with Vietnam, Myanmar, and Laos.
59
How much rainfall does China receive?
It varies greatly from 2 inches annually in the Takla Makan, to 28 inches in the coastal regions of the northeast. In general, precipitation increases as one travels south. In Macau, rainfall as high as 50 inches occurs.
60
What grape varieties dominate plantings in China?
Red Globe, Kyoho, Thompson Seedless, and Muscat, reflecting the substantial production of table grapes in China. The are many different species of the Vitis genus native to China, which for long periods were the only grapes known in China. These include Vitis amurensis (the Amur grape), Vitis armata, and Vitis sinocinerea
61
In 1892, several hundred Vitis vinifera varieties were brought to China. What happened to many of them?
Many did not survive, as was common in other regions. Many others were used to to create hybrids with local species that are still in use today. Vinifera grapes are becoming increasingly common, and preferred, as technical knowledge and understanding of climatic and geological suitability improve.
62
What began in the 1950s in order to fight the brutally cold northern Chinese winters and hot humid summers?
Grape breeding programs, which have led to more than 50 crosses and hybrids native to China. These were bred in some cases for cold resistance, in others for disease resistance.
63
Name some of the most successful crosses and hybrids.
Yan 73: A cross of Muscat Hamburg X Alicante Bouschet, it is used to strengthen color in red wine due to its pigmented pulp. Gongniang No. 1: A Muscat Hamburg X Vitis amurensis hybrid, is widely used in wine production for its extreme cold resistance. It can overwinter, without being buried, in temps as low as -7F, and can produce award winning wines.
64
What are the leading varieties of vinifera grapes by acreage?
It is not exactly known, but widely agreed that Cabernet Sauvignon is the most widely planted, at nearly half. It i followed by Cabernet Gernischt (local name for what has recently been confirmed as Carmenere), Merlot, Chardonnay (the leading white), Cab Franc, Shiraz, Grenache, Pinot Noir, and Marselan (a French cross of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache).
65
There are assorted vinifera grapes somewhat unique to China. What are some examples?
Longyan: Apparently has been growing in China fo several hundred years. No one knows how it got there, but it is appreciated as a table grape called Dragon Eyes. High-yielding, with reddish-pink skin, and producing a wine that has a Gewurtztraminer-like aroma, with flavors of flowers, lychee, and peaches.
66
When did regulations governing wine production in China begin?
The first geographical indication protection began in 2005, requiring both local and foreign regions to be registered for protection with the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ).
67
What is "estate wine" in China?
As of December 2012, the Shandong Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (SBQTS) approved a set of standards that require the producing estate to own all vines, produce, and bottle the wine within the estate, using only grapes from more than 3 years old, amongst other requirements.
68
By vote of the People's Congress Standing Committee, what became the first geographically defined wine region in China, and when?
Also in December 2012, the Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain wine region, located within the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The regulations set standards for viticulture and winemaking, and limit use of the regional name to wines produced 75% from grown within the region. Two other geographic indications in Xinjiang Hoxud and Turpan are pending approval.
69
Describe Hebei province.
In the northwest of China, between 36 and 42 latitude, surrounding Beijing and Tianjin, it lies entirely north of the of the Yellow River, on the coast of the Bohai Sea.
70
How much of China's wine volume is Hebei ersponsible for?
Combined with neighboring Tianjin, Hebei has over 50 wineries, and is responsible for up to half of Chinese wine volume.
71
What is the climate in Hebei?
Coastal Hebei has a warm monsoon climate with hot, wet, humid summers and cold, dry winters. Winters are cod enough to require the vines to be buried for protection. Portions of northern Hebei are elevated up to 3300 feet, and well-suited for viticulture and enjoy a much cooler climate, and more sunshine, the Beijing and the coastal areas.
72
What do the northern vineyards in China all depend on for water?
Irrigation.
73
What feature cuts through Hebei, leaving many vineyards in its shadow?
The Great Wall. The largest producer by volume in China is called the China Great Wall Wine Company.
74
What unique project is also in Hebei Province?
The Sino-French Demonstration Vineyard. Planted in the late 1990s as a joint venture between Chinese and French governments, it grows a wide variety of vinifera varieties, including Cab Sauv, Riesling, Viognier, Merlot, Marselan, and Petit Manseng, all marketed under the name Domaine Franco Chinois.
75
Describe the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
Locate 500 miles west of Beijing, in what amounts to an alluvial plain of the Yellow River, on the eastern edge of the Gobi Desert. The soil is an extremely fine kind of loess, due to centuries of agriculture, and highly susceptible to wind and water erosion. Viticulture is encouraged in the area because vines like marginal conditions and discourage further erosion.
76
What is the climate in Ningxia?
Truly continental, with significant diurnal and summer/winter temperature variations. In the summer, highs in the 80s F are assuaged by elevation, which typically exceed 4000 feet. Winters are long and very cold, requiring vines to be buried. December through February have negligible precipitation; annual rainfall reaches only 8 inches, concentrated in the summer months, requiring irrigation (present since 2100 BCE and expanded since).
77
What is made in Ningxia?
It is an area of significant promise and recent investment, making Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt (Carmenere), Chardonnay, Riesling, Syrah, and others (including some medal winners at international competitions).. The first official wine appellation (Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain) is here.
78
What was established in 2013 in Ningxia?
A similar classification system to 1855 Classification of Bordeaux. There are five growths or grades, and the system is re-evaluated every two years, currently having a total of 36 estates classified as growths 3, 4,, and 5.
79
Where is Shandong Province?
On the shores of the Yellow Sea, equidistant between Beijing and Shanghai. It is home to many of China's most prosperous wine producers.
80
Where is the majority of wine production in Shandong?
The area surrounding the Shandong Peninsula, just south of the mouth of the Yellow River, extending 164 miles east towards Korea.
81
What is the climate of Shandong?
It's 1800 mile coastline gives it a temperate climate with maritime influences and significant humidity. In the summer and autumn there are warm rains from the East Asian Monsoon, and sometimes lead to waterlogged soils and fungal issues. Heat and precipitation are highest during July and August, contrary to the patterns of Mediterranean climates, while winters are not cold enough require burial of vines.
82
What is Shandong home to?
The Changyu Pioneer Wine Company, the first modern Chinese winery credited with importing vinifera grapes into China in the 1890s.
83
What are the most important grapes in Shandong Province?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt (Carmenere), Riesling and Chardonnay. Marselan, Petit Manseng, and Petit Verdot are also grown.
84
Where is Shanxi Province?
250 miles west of Beijing and adjoining Hebei. It also sits on a high loess plateau between the Gobi Desert and the coastal plains.
85
What is the climate of Shanxi?
Continental. Cold winters requiring over-winter vine protection, but having a higher survival rate than those in regions farther west. Summers are generally dry, with inconsistent rains of the East Asia Monsoon causing problems with humidity. These issues are mitigated by the high altitude of the vineyards, with ample sunshine and excellent drainage
86
What do the best vintages of Shanxi have in common?
Low rainfall vintages. The area is only 3000 acres.
87
What winery is Shanxia home to?
Grace Vineyards, founded in 1997, and home to world-class facilities for tasting and tourism. It has 148 acres under vine, and produces 400,000 bottles per year (some with fruit sourced from Ningxia), and is considered one of China's most renowned wineries for quality and reputation.
88
Describe the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
In the extreme west of the country, near the borders with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan.
89
How far back does vinifera wine go in Xinjiang?
Plots have been dated to the 4th century BCE, and Marco Polo described fine grape wines of the area in his 13th century journey down the Silk Road.
90
How big is Xinjiang?
It has the most surface area of China's autonomous regions, and is much larger than California and Texas combined. It is divided roughly in two by the Tien Shan Mountains. It's dominant feature is Takla Maan Desert to the south.
91
Where are the vineyards of Xinjiang?
To the north of the Tien Shan Mountains, and to the south around the perimeter of the Takla Makan.
92
What region of Xinjiang has Geographical Indication status?
Heshuo/Hoxud, obtained in 2015.
93
Where is Yunnan Province?
Mostly south of the Yangtze River, sharing a border with Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar, between 21 and 29 north latitude.
94
What is the climate in Yunnan Province?
Tropical, but moderated by higher elevations, averaging almost 5000 feet. The region has a long growing season and no need to bury vines in the winter. Harvest season coincides with the arrival of the Monsoon period.
95
When did wine production begin in Yunnan Province?
200 years ago, according to legend, when a French missionary traveled from India to Yunnan on the ancient Tea Horse Trail. He was granted a plot to build a church, built a vineyard as well, with a variety called Rose Honey from France. It is still grown in the area, though extinct in France.
96
What else is grown in Yunnan Province?
Other distinctive varieties and some non-vinifera species and hybrids like Crystal and French Wild, alongside more typical grapes like Cabernet Sauvignon.
97
What are the large wine companies of Yunnan?
The Yunnan Red Wine Company is one of the largest. The newest is Shangri-La Winery Company Limited, which is at 28N latitude, along the steep slopes of the Mekong River. The vineyards are among the highest in the world at 8200 feet.
98
While commonly associated with rice wine (sake), how long has Japan been making grape-based wine?
Making wine from the Koshu grape (considered its own native variety), since the 8th century. Vineyards are estimated to cover 44,500 acres, but only 5000 are dedicated to wine grapes. There are roughly 200 grape-based wineries.
99
When did wine production begin in Japan?
According to legend, 718 CE, when a monk named Gyoki planted the first vineyard at the Daizenji Temple 65 miles west of Tokyo in the Yamanashi Prefecture. This came after having a vision of he Buddha of medicine and healing holding a bunch of grapes.
100
When did European wine arrive in Japan?
With the Portuguese in the 16th century. Called chintashu (phonetic for Portuguese tinta and Japanese shu (liquor)). Locals continued to import it, but that ceased due to the sakoku policies of the 17th and 18th centuries.
101
When did viticulture and wine production return to Japan?
During the 1870s with the Meiji Restoration, using North American and European varieties.
102
When were the first modern Japanese wines produced?
In the city Kofu (Yamanashi Prefecture, Honshu) in 1874.
103
When did winemaking begin in earnest in Japan?
After WWII, and the interest spiked again in the 1970s as western fashions products made their way to Japanese markets.
104
Wine consumption has spiked in Japan in recent decades. Where does Japan rank in consumption?
Highest in Asia, at 3 liters per capita. The majority is still imported, but domestic production is increasing.

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