Module 5: Chapters 8-9 - World Wine Industry, France (through Bordeaux) Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Country with the largest vineyard acreage in the world.*
A
Spain
2
Q
Top three wine-producing countries, worldwide.*
A
France, Italy, Spain (exact order changes year by year)
3
Q
Year the European Union was created.*
A
1993
4
Q
Date the EU’s “Umbrella Framework” of revised wine regulations took effect.*
A
August 1, 2009
5
Q
PDO*
A
Protected Designation of Origin
6
Q
PGI*
A
Protected Geographical Indication
7
Q
The EU permits continuing use of preexisting wine designations, if they were already in place by this date.*
A
December 31, 2011
8
Q
EU Labelling laws: If a protected place name is used on a PDO wine, what % must be from the named place?*
A
100%
9
Q
EU Labeling Laws: If a protected place is used on a PGI wine, what % must be from the named place?*
A
85%
10
Q
EU Labeling Laws: If a vintage date is used on a wine label, what % must be from named vintage?*
A
85%
11
Q
EU Labeling Laws: If a single grape variety is used on a wine label, what % must be the named variety?*
A
85%
12
Q
The most widely planted white grape in France.*
A
Ugni Blanc (aka Trebbiano)
13
Q
The most widely planted red grape in France.*
A
Merlot
14
Q
Main town on the Right Bank of Bordeaux.*
A
Libourne
15
Q
Area south of the city of Bordeaux, on the Left Bank.*
A
Graves
16
Q
Three main white grape varieties of Bordeaux.*
A
Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Muscadelle
17
Q
Three main red grape varieties of Bordeaux.*
A
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc (Malbec and Petit Verdot make up the big 5)
18
Q
Main red grape of Bordeaux’s Left Bank.*
A
Cabernet Sauvignon
19
Q
Main red grape of Bordeaux’s Right Bank.*
A
Merlot
20
Q
Term used for Bordeaux wines sold “in futures.”*
A
En primeur
21
Q
Year the wines of St.-Emilion were first classified.*
A
1954
22
Q
Approximately how much of the global vineyard is located in Europe?
A
Roughly 56%
23
Q
How long ago was the first alcoholic beverage made to that incorporated grapes?
A
According to evidence from China, 7000 BCE
Vinifera varieties first moved out from the Caucasus Mountains in western Asia into eastern Europe and the Middle East.
24
Q
From The Caucasus, where did wine spread in Europe?
A
Greece became a stronghold, spreading viticulture around the Mediterranean coast. Romans from there carried production inland into Spain, France, Germany, and the Balkans (as well as all over Italy, obviously).
25
What kept winegrowing continuing after the fall of the Roman Empire?
The Catholic Church. Wine was necessary for the consecration of the mass, and the Church slowly located further prime growing regions and vines, while refining techniques.
26
What was a key reason for the explosion of wine consumption during and after the Renaissance?
Poor sanitation. Water was dangerous to drink, and wine was free of germs because of alcohol content,, and was a safer daily beverage.
27
What caused the explosion of vineyards during and after the Renaissance?
The inability of wine to be transported long distances, both because of poor roads and spoilage concerns.
28
During the colonial period, what kind of wine was able to make overseas journeys?
Fortified wines became a major player after this period.
29
North America had native vines, but did other colonies?
In general, no. Spanish Catholic missionaries brought vinifera to South America, while the English and Dutch colonies in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand established much of the rest of what is now New World wines.
30
When were vinifera vines planted in North America?
Italian immigrants, along with Germans and Eastern Europeans were responsible for the spread of vinifera grapevines in the mid-nineteenth century. By the end, Commercial wineries began appearing in California, Chile, and Argentina.
31
Where did phylloxera come to Europe from, and when?
The root louse came from the eastern United States in the 1860's. Devastated Europe and much of the rest of the world for decades until grafting onto North American rootstock that were phylloxera resistant became widespread.
32
What was a positive legacy of Phylloxera?
After the destruction of their own vineyards, the spread of French and other European winemakers around the globe, spreading expertise and quality winemaking.
33
The United States ushered in a second wine crisis in 1920. How?
Enacting Prohibition. Other countries around the world flirted with similar legislation, and New World wine demand plummeted as a result. It took decades for the industry to recover in the United States.
34
What was the symbolic turning point that the US had turned the corner in recovering from Prohibition?
The Judgement of Paris, 1976. California wines were awarded first place over top French wines in a major head-to-head competition. It was a coming-of-age moment for California and all New World wine.
35
What is the geographic "Old World"?
Europe, and a small part of westernmost Asia.
36
Where is wine less accepted or customary?
The band of territory from Morocco across North Africa, and Central Asia as far as Indonesia; areas dominated by religions that forbid alcohol. Equatorial and polar regions as well, where viticulture is impossible and even storage is a challenge.
37
What was the global volume of wine produced in 2018?
292hL or 3.2 billion cases. Up 17% from 2017.
38
What is the record for wine production?
296 million hL in 2004.
39
Why was 2017's 250 million hL 'historically low'?
Adverse weather conditions in any parts of the world.
40
What is the production breakdown of 2018?
```
65% from Europe
10% from South America
9% from north America
6% each in Asia and Oceania
4% in Africa
```
41
Who are the top 5 ountries in consumption?
USA, France, Italy, Germany, China
42
Top 5 in Production?
Italy, France, Spain, USA, Argentina
43
Top 5 in vineyard acreage?
Spain, China, France, Italy, Turkey
44
Top 5 in Wine Exports? (by volume)
Spain, Italy, France, Chile, Australia
45
Top 5 in Wine Imports? (by volume)
Germany, UK, USA, France, China
46
What are the most successful latitudes for wine growing?
30-50 degrees N or S
47
Even countries with little to no vineyard land can make, blend, and/or bottle wine domestically. Why?
Modern shipping methods allow bulk wine and unfermented juice to be sent anywhere in the world without spoiling. This is a significant part of the industry and will only grow as suppliers try to cut costs and reduce emissions by not shipping in heavy glass.
48
The US is the largest overall wine consumer. What is odd about that?
Per capita consumption remains low.
49
What is unique about Australia and Chile in terms of production?
They are net exporters of wine, making far more than they consume, and needing outside markets for the remainder.
50
What are the two ways wine regions are delineated?
Political foundations: nations, states, provinces, counties, etc.
Viticultural foundations: Theoretically based on terroir or traditional winemaking techniques.
51
Why was it necessary to delineate the boundaries of wine regions?
As certain regions gained fame (Bordeaux, Champagne, Tokaj, etc) it was important to protect the reputation from impostors.
52
What is reciprocity?
The agreement between the majority of winemaking countries to respect the laws and wine regions of the other countries.
53
What are officially sanctioned wine regions known as generically in English?
Appellations or Geographic Indications (GIs)
54
True or false: Generally speaking, the smaller an appellation, the more accurate it is as a predictor of wine characteristics.
True. Small appellations based on terroir generally have a relatively uniform climate, topography, and soil structure. Larger appellations have more variability and are therefore less predictive of the character of the wines.
55
What is nesting?
Increasingly small appellations contained within each other. This gives winemakers many options in how specific they want to be in sourcing and labeling their wines.
56
While official appellations protect the place name, they also have rules within the given appellation. Give examples.
Yield per acre, alcohol level, varieties of grapes used.
57
True or false: In general, appellations in the New World are less restrictive.
True. They normally stipulate geographic origin and define boundaries, but typically do not restrict varieties or style.
58
The largest meaningful groupings of global wine regions are New World and Old World. What are the primary characteristics of each?
New World: Bolder flavors, emphasis on fruit and grape variety, more alcohol, less acidity, nd highlight the style of the winemaker.
Old World: More subtlety, lowe alcohol, higher acidity, earthier flavors, and less winemaker intervention with an emphasis on terroir instead.
59
True or false: The global wine market is regulated primarily at the national level.
True. There are no global wine laws, only reciprocal agreements amongst countries that govern how one nation will treat the wines of the other.
60
The EU was created in 1993. What is its goal with regards to wine?
To coordinate activities amongst its member states so that Europe can act as a single body.
61
The EU's rulings have a major effect on both producers in member states, but also on producers in other countries trying to sell into the EU. Does the US get special treatment?
Some. The US gets some leeway not granted to other countries wine products.
62
What is the EU's structure for food quality.
Three-tiered, and applies to all food products of member countries, including wine.
63
Wine laws were a hodgepodge prior to EU formation. Give examples.
In France, AOC was the main quality designation, with some minor sub-categories. Italy had DOC, but wines could work up to DOCg. Germany and Greece were based on ripeness and sweetness, respectively, and not quality.
64
When did the umbrella framework of EU wine laws go into effect?
August 1, 2009. It is three-tiered, and largely transparent.
65
What is the highest quality level of wines under the EU laws?
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Formerly Quality Wines Produced in a Specific Region (QWPSR)
66
What is the second-quality tier in the EU?
Protected Geographical Area (PGI), which includes all wines that were previously table wines with a geographic indication.
67
What is the bottom tier in the EU?
Wine. Describes any wine with no geographical indication more specific than country of origin.
68
While new terms were created in several countries, were existing designations allowed to continue?
Yes, provided the were registered by December 31, 2011. Accordingly, many labels have not changed substantially, though there is broader adoption of newer terms at the lower tiers.
69
What are the PDO regulations?
PDO wines must be made entirely from grapes grown in the clearly defined region for which they're named, and produced there. The individual countries must register these wines, along with delimited boundaries of the region, maximum yields, permitted varieties, defined viticultural practices, allowed enological practices, and predominant analytical and organoleptic characteristics of the wine.
70
What are the PGI regulations?
PGI's are typically larger in area than PDO, at least 85% of the grapes must come from the defined area, wine must be produced there, rules on viticulture and enology are less restrictive than PDO, and don't have to be typical of the region. Bottles will carry the PGI designation unless the local variant is preferred (i.e. IGT in Italy).
71
Can PGI wines carry the name of a grape variety or a vintage date?
Yes. But only if it's from 85% of grapes of the named variety and/or vintage date. If two or more varieties are listed, the wine must be produced entirely from those grapes, shown in descending order of proportion.
A vineyard name may be used as well, but only if 100% of the grapes were harvested from there.
72
What are the regulations for the Wine designation?
Sourced from anywhere within the named country, grape variety/vintage is permitted if 85% of the wine is that grape or vintage, allowing these wines to compete directly with varietal labeled New World wines.
73
EU Labeling Laws
Labels are required to state wine's category and place of origin (as permitted).
Place name: 100% of grapes from the for PDO, 85% for PGI
Vintage: 85% for all tiers
Single grape variety: 85% for all tiers
Two or more grapes listed: 100% must be named grapes, in descending order of proportion.
74
What are the more defined labeling requirements for sparkling wines in the EU?
Quality Sparkling Wine: 100% of CO2 from secondary fermentation in the bottle, subject to disgorgement, 9 months minimum on lees.
Sparkling Wine: Minimum 3atm of pressure, CO2 may be from first or second fermentation, but may not be injected.
Aerated sparkling wine: Injected CO2
75
Are non-EU wines subject to any of these?
No. They are simply "wines" with or without a geographical designation.
76
True or false: Grape varieties of French origin dominate the New World, and increasingly those of Europe as well.
True
77
After the Greeks established coastal colonies, where did the Romans spread viticulture?
To the interior of France, following the conquest of Gaul in the mid-first century BCE.
78
What did wine become associated with in the 5th century CE, after the collapse of the Roman Empire?
Christian (Catholic) monasteries, which used wine both for sacramental and profitable purposes.
79
Vineyards were often donated (or willed) to monasteries by rich patrons, leading to considerable holdings by the monasteries. Where was this especially true?
Burgundy (home of the Cistercians and Benedictines), and Champagne.
80
Were the monks effective in improving viticulture?
Yes. Many were very scientific in method, improving large-scale winemaking by experimenting with many different kinds of grapes, various arrangements in the vineyards, and matching the vines to ideal growing sites.
81
A watershed moment occurred in the twelfth century. What was it?
The marriage of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, which brought the territory of Bordeaux under the control of the English Crown.
This made Bordeaux the primary exporter of wine to England, and made it the most heralded wine region in the world.
82
What prompted the significant wine production in the Loire Valley in the Middle Ages?
The Loire Valley was the home of much of the French nobility, and the concentration of wealth spurred production
83
Champagne was renowned for wines by the 1600's. Was it for bubbles?
No, it was for still Pinot Noir. The intentional introduction of bubbles into the winemaking process didn't commence until the end of the 17th century.
84
For most of the Middle Ages, was the southern coast of France renowned for wine?
No. Production was mainly for blending into other regions' unpleasantly thin vintages, or for purely local consumption.
85
Alsace has shifted back and forth between German and French control for centuries. What Germanic traditions does it retain?
An emphasis on Riesling (and to some extent Gewurztraminer), and the use of the tall, thin, Flute d'Alsace bottles.
86
What are the dominant topographical features of France?
The Massif Central (central highlands), a portion of the Alps to the the southeast, and several rivers that flow from the mountains to the ocean, including the Loire, Garonne, Dordogne, Rhone, and the Rhine which forms part of the eastern border with Germany.
87
Where is there a Mediterranean climate (lots of sun, little rain during growing season) in France?
Along the Mediterranean coast. Comprising Roussillon, Languedoc, Rhone, and Provence, along with Corsica. Home to roughly half of French vineyard land. Red varieties predominate, with a significant production of rose.
88
Where is there a maritime climate (humidity and rainfall higher than Med, less sun, summers cooler) in France?
The western part of France. Bordeaux still has high enough temps to produce full-bodied reds, along with the Sud-Ouest, but whites become more common as one goes into the cooler north.
Roughly one-third of French vineyard land is under maritime conditions.
89
Where is there a continental climate (quite cold winters, not particularly hot summers) in France?
Central and northeastern France. The northern third is generally too cold and wet for grape growing. That gives way to fertile river valleys as one moves south (Loire, Seine, Saone, and Rhone - which protect from storms and funnel milder coastal weather), but is still cool, so white grapes are slightly more prevalent.
Wines tend to be higher acid and light to medium bodied, with lower alcohol.
90
What do the Vosges Mountains do?
Block storms from the west, shielding Alsace. This makes Alsace warmer and drier than than most other regions at same latitude (Champagne, Chablis), allowing for greater ripening and higher alcohol in the wines of Alsace.
91
What are the 7 main white grapes of France?
1. Ugni Blanc (Trebbiano Toscano) - 200k acres, more than double Chardonnay, but mostly for brandy (Cognac and Armagnac)
2. Chardonnay - Known for Burgundy and Champagne, but more under acreage in Languedoc-Roussillon
3. Sauvignon Blanc - Leading white grape of Bordeaux and eastern Loire Valley.
4. Melon de Bourgogne - Primarily in western Loire Valley, small plantings in Beaujolais and elsewhere.
5. Sémillon - Primarily in Bordeaux and Sud-ouest; small plantings in Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence.
6. Chenin Blanc - Primarily in Loire's Anjou-Saumur and Touraine, producing dry, sweet, and sparkling.
7. Muscat - Mainly in the South of France, primarily for sweet and fortified wines; majority of plantings are finer quality Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains.
92
There are 11 major red grape varieties in France, name them.
1. Merlot - Most widely planted grape overall (250k acres), found in most areas, but predominantly in Bordeaux (151k acres)
2. Cabernet Sauvignon - More than half grown in Bordeaux, with smaller plantings in many of France's other regions.
3. Cabernet Franc - Cooler climate, leading red grape of Loire Valley and a minor variety in Bordeaux.
4. Grenache - Warm climate, primarily found in South of France, important ingredient in southern Rhone, Languedoc-Roussillon, Corsica, and Provence.
5. Syrah - Warm climate, primarily in Rhone Valley, with expanding plantings in Corsica, Provence, Sud-Ouest, and Languedoc-Roussillon.
6. Pinot Noir - Cool climate, red grape of Burgundy, one of two in Champagne. Also main red variety of Alsace and eastern Loire.
7. Carignan - Warm-climate grape, grown throughout south of France and Corsica.
8. Gamay - Primarily in Beaujolais, but smaller plantings in other cool climates like Loire Valley.
9. Cinsault (Cinsaut) - Red variety in south of France and Corsica, blending grape in rose.
10. Meunier (Pinot Meunier) - secondary red grape of Champagne.
11. Mourvedre - Warm climate red grape in Rhone valley, Languedoc-Roussillon, Corsica, Provence.
93
France was the first country to devise a national system for legally protecting and restricting place-names for agricultural products (wine regions, olive oil, cheeses). What was the administrative system called?
The Institut National de l'Origine et de la Qualite (INAO) The new organization goes by the old acronym.
It became the model for the EU three-tier system.
94
What do French wine laws cover?
They mandate or prohibit procedures for wineries that plan to use protected place name (appellation). They define the boundaries of the place-name, approved varieties, viticultural and winemaking procedures are specified.
Wines that don't meet the standards get a larger place name if they qualify, or a lower classification category.
95
What is the entry level of French wine?
Vin (formerly vin de table). As long as all the grapes come from France, they can be labeled Vin de France. There are few regulations outside of basic health, safety, and commercial trade laws.
96
What is the second level of French wine?
Indication Geographique Protegee (formerly, and occasionally still, vin de Pays, or country wine). These are table wines with geographic indications. They can be labeled as either, or the combination IGP-Vin de Pays, but only if 85% of the grapes come entirely from within the boundaries of a single vin de pays region.
There are 75 of these vin de pays designations, and they compete directly with New World varietally labeled wines.
97
The vin de pays category is divided into 3 levels of geographic specificity, what are they?
- Regional (7 subdivisions): Pays d'Oc IGP (western Med coast, including Languedoc-Roussillon), Val de Loire IGP (Loire Valley and Chablis), Comtes Rhodaniens IGP (N Rhone and Savoie), Mediteranee IGP (SE France; S Rhone and Provence), Comte Tolosan IGP (SW France), L'Atlantique IGP (Bordeaux, Dordogne, Charentais), Terres du Midi (ca 2018 for certain blended Languedoc-Roussillon wines)
- Department: 28, all boundaries matching French county (department) boundaries.
- Zone: vins de pays de zone, 40 of these, smaller and locally specific, usually named for historic or geographical feature.
98
What is the top of the French wine pyramid?
AOC (Appellation d'Origine Controlee): Correlates to EU's PDO. Can also appear as AOP (Protegee) under the new EU system, more than 300 of these, producing just under half of French wines. Carries with it the restrictive regulations that have been put into place to protect place-name designations as indications of quality.
99
How much wine does Bordeaux produce?
While renowned for long-lived, high quality reds and luscious white dessert wines, it also produces dry whites, roses, and some sparkling.
It produces 61 million cases of wine per year on average (12th globally, if it were a separate country), almost all of which is AOC status, accounting for nearly 1/4 of all AOC-level production in France.
100
What is the climate of Bordeaux?
Naturally, it has a maritime climate being so close to the Atlantic in southwestern France, but it is tempered by the presence of the Landes Forest along the western coast and influenced by the Gulf Stream.
101
Describe the geography around Bordeaux.
Two rivers, the Garonne and Dordogne meet to form the Gironde (a long estuary flowing into the Atlantic).
The waterways divide the region into three sections:
Left Bank: To the west of the Garonne and Gironde
Right Bank: East and north of the Dordogne and Gironde
Entre-Deux-Mers: Between the Garonne and Dordogne rivers.
102
How much of Bordeaux is planted to red grapes?
85%.
Merlot dominates Right Bank and EdM. Cab sauv is dominant on Left Bank (CLMR!). Cab Franc is a distant third.
Much smaller quantities of Petit Verdot, Malbec, and Carmenere are also planted.
103
Is blending mandated in Bordeaux?
No. But it standard to blend 2 or more of the red varieties to make red Bordeaux.
104
What are the two primary white grapes of Bordeaux?
Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon, which are typically blended in both sweet and dry styles.
Muscadelle is a minor third grape, sometimes added for its floral properties.
105
Are other white grapes permitted in Bordeaux?
Yes. Examples include Sauvignon Gris, Colombard, Ugni Blanc, and Merlot Blanc. Almost all white varieties occur south of Bordeaux city on the Left Bank, and in EdM.
106
What are the two main towns of Bordeaux?
Left Bank: Bordeaux. The area north is Medoc, and area west and south is Graves.
Right Bank: Libourne, on the the right bank of the Dordogne.
107
What is the base style of Bordeaux?
Basic red Bordeaux. Typically made for everyday drinking and based on Merlot from EdM or peripheral Right Bank areas. Good quality, but lacking the complexity or age worthiness of AOC appellations.
108
What is the structural difference between higher end Right Bank and higher end Left Bank reds?
Right Bank generally have Merlot taking the lead, but feature all three primary red varieties. In good vintages they may be tannic enough to improve for decades in the bottle.
109
What are the higher end Left Bank wines based on?
Cabernet Sauvignon, though Merlot is being planted more extensively. Many from the Medoc number among the world's finest, are expensive, and require careful handling and long storage time.
110
What are the main areas for dry white Bordeaux wines?
EdM and Pessac-Leognan in Graves. Both use primarily Sauvignon Blanc, blended with Semillon, and occasionally small amounts of the accessory varieties.
111
Do Bordeaux whites use oak aging?
Some do, but the influence is generally very subtle, not affecting the overall crispness and high acidity.
112
Where do the classic sweet Bordeaux whites from?
Sauternes, on the Left Bank. Though other areas along both banks make it, as early morning fogs common in autumn make ideal for botrytis.
113
What are sweet white Bordeaux made from?
Primarily Semillon, with a bit of Sauvignon Blanc. Harvested late in the season to maximize sugar level, and in good years allow botrytis to develop. The wines are thick, sweet, and if botrytized have a noticeably honeyed character.
114
How many appellations are in Bordeaux?
More than 40. Some allow for only one type of wine, others allow a whole range that may include dry reds, dry whites, off-dry whites, sweet whites, light red (called clairet), and sparkling (cremant).
115
What are primary differences between the Bordeaux AOC and Bordeaux Supérieur AOC?
Both cover the entire geographic region, but Superieur allows for dry whites and reds with a minimum `1.7% RS (Bordeaux AOC allows all still wines).
-Superieur has slightly higher standards in general, including lower yields allowed, higher minimum ripeness at harvest, and a half-degree higher minimum alcohol.
116
What are the sparkling wines of the region classified under?
The Crémant de Bordeaux AOC. Together with the AOC and Superieur, they combine to account for roughly 55% of Bordeaux's total production.
117
What is generally true of the wines in the three general appellations?
They most often come from an area that does not qualify for a higher appellation (i.e. reds from EdM, or whites from Medoc)
118
What are the Medoc appellations?
Medoc and Haut-Medoc (Upper Medoc)
119
There are 6 communal AOCs in the Medoc, including 4 of the most well known in the wine world. What are those 4?
St-Estephe, Pauillac, St.-Julien, and Margaux
| All are red wine appellations, period.
120
What is the Graves AOC approve for?
Dry reds and dry whites.
121
What can sweet wines from Graves be labeled?
Graves Superieures AOC
122
What is the northernmost portion of Graves, and when did it get its own AOC?
Pessac-Leognan, and it became its own AOC for dry reds and dry whites in 1987. It is home to many of the most prestigious Graves chateaux.
123
What is made farther east and south of Graves?
The sweet wines of Bordeaux, centered on Sauternes and other communal AOCs (Barsac, etc)
124
Why do the wines of EDM lack the concentration of the wines of either bank?
Lies between two rivers, is flat and very fertile, and is one of the coolest climate parts of Bordeaux.
125
EDM AOC is approved for what?
The AOC is approved for dry whites only.
126
What is the famous sub-region of EDM?
Haut-Benauge. Making only dry whites as well.
It is also considered a sub of the Bordeaux AOC, and wines labeled Bordeaux-Haut-Benauge my be dry white or sweet white.
127
EDM also has several other AOCs, three of which make only sweet whites. Name them.
Cadillac, Loupiac, Sainte-Croix-du-Mont. All on the Eastern shore of the Garonne.
128
EDM also contains significant plantings of red grapes. Primarily which two . What are most labeled under, and what the two main exceptions?
Merlot and Cabernet, with most production labeled under Bordeaux or Superieur.
Graves de Vayres AOC and Saint Foy-Cotes de Bordeaux are the exceptions, permitted for both dry reds and dry whites.
129
The town of Libourne is the most important on the Right Bank. What the two most prestigious AOC's on the Right Bank?
Pomerol and St-Emilion.
| There are three other well respected communes, including Fronsac, Canon-Fronsac, and Lalande-de-Pomerol.
130
What are the four 'satellites of St Emilion?
Lussac-St.-Emilion, Montagne-St.-Emilion, Puisseguin-St.-Emilion, and St.-George-St.-Emilion.
131
What is the area comprising the same geographical area as St.-Emilion, but with tighter standards?
St.-Emilion Grand Cru AOC
132
What are the five areas of the Cotes de Bordeaux AOC? What is the difference in the labeling?
```
Blaye (Right Bank)
Cadillac (EDM)
Castillon (Right Bank)
Francs (Right Bank)
Sainte Foy (EDM)
Even though they are not contiguous, all can add Cotes de Bordeaux behind their regional name.
```
133
Does a wie estate need a mansion to be a Chateau?
No. It came to describe any wine property in Bordeaux. This is important as negociants can have Chateaux were they do the bottling and blending, but don't have vineyards.
134
What is a negociant?
An important part of French wine. They are brokers who buy juice or wine from the very many small, independent growers and farmers' co-ops who lack the means to market on their own. They then blend this and label it under their own label.
135
What in en primeur?
Selling 'futures' of Bordeaux. Much of the top end Bordeaux is sold years before it is bottled and decades before it is drinkable.
Buying en primeur gets the buyer a price break in some cases, and provides cash flow for the chateaux who would otherwise have to wait years to get paid for their work in any given vintage.
136
What was the reason for the Classification of 1855?
Broers set it up in preparation for the Universal Exhibition in Paris that year.
It was based on what prices the chateaux were bringing on the market that year.
137
Why were Right Bank wines not included in 1855?
They did not command the same prestige as LEft Bank wines.
138
How many wines were in the Classification of 1855, and how were they divided?
61 wines in total, divided into 5 crus, or growths, with the top level being premier cru.
139
What were the 4 Premier Cru in 1855? What was added later and when?
Haut-Brion, Lafite-Rothschild, Latour, Margaux.
| Mouton-Rothschild was added in 1973, in one of the only changes to the rankings since their initial publication.
140
Were sweet wines of Bordeaux classified in 1855?
Yes. There are 15 second growths, 11 first growths, and 1 Superieur Premier Cru - Chateau d'Yquem
141
What are 'super-seconds'?
Chateaux of the second growth whose wines have achieved price levels on par with Premier Cru, and would probably be elevated were the rankings altered.
142
True or false: The classification of 1855 is based on the vineyard, not the Chateau.
False. It is based entirely on the reputation of the Chateau. It can be argued that the reputation of the producer has become more important than terroir, as vineyard holdings have changed over time.
143
When was Graves classified (not 1855)?
1953, and again in 1959.
There is one lass, cru classe, with 16 properties, including Haut-Brion (the only Graves wine included in 1855), ranked for their white wine, red wine, or both.
144
When was St.-Emilion first classified?
It is the only system for Right Bank wines,established in 1954.
145
When does St. Emilion have to be reclassified?
Every ten years. After years of legal battles, the 2012 classification was declared legal, another is not due for another 2 years.
146
What are the two categories of the St.-Emilion Grand Cru Classe?
It ranks only wines in the Ste.-Emilion Grand Cru AOC into grand cru classe (great classified growths) and premier grand cru classe (first great classified growths).
147
There are two sub-classes within premier grand cru classe in Ste.-Emilion. How many are there total, and how many are Classe A? (Name them)
There are 18 total Premier Grand Cru Classe producers.
The 4 Classe A producers are Chateau Angelus, Chateau Ausone, Chateau Cheval Blanc, and Chateau Pavie.
